Topic Remaining Topic Table is now on the right hand side. Plants ...Plant Selection of 6 levels with lists by: 1 - Plant Use including Bee Pollinated Plants for Hay Fever Sufferers, Groundcover and Poisonous Plants 2 - Plants for Soil Any, Chalk, Clay, Lime-free, Sandy, Peaty 2a Plant Requirements 2b Form - Tree Growth Shape Columnar 2b Shrub/ Perennial Growth Habit Mat 2c - Garden Use Bedding 2d - Plant Type Bulb Refining Selection 3a - Flower Colour Blue Flowers Photos - Bedding Bulb Climber Evergr Per Evergr Shrub Wild Flower 3b - Flower Shape Photos - Bedding Evergr Per Herbac Per 3c - Foliage Colour Large Leaves Other Non-Green Foliage 1 Non-Green Foliage 2 Sword-shaped Leaves 4 - Pruning Requirements Pruning Plants 5 - 1000 Groundcover Plants Plant Name - A 6 - Then, finally use COMPANION PLANTING to aid your plant selected or to deter Pests Topic - Plant Photo Galleries Evergreen Shrub ...Shrubs - Evgr ...Shrub Heathers ......Gallery, ......Species Index Page with ......Pages describing each Heather of that Species Index Page ......Andromeda .........Andromeda In ......Bruckenthalia ......Calluna .........Index AC .........AB-AP, .........AP-BU, .........BU-CW, .........Index D-G .........DB-FA, .........FA-GO, .........GO-GU, .........Index H-L .........HA-IN, .........IN-LO, .........LO-LY, .........Index M-R .........MA-PA, .........PA-RO, .........RO-RU, .........Index S-Z .........SA-SO, .........SP-WH, .........WI-YV ......Daboecia .........Daboecia In .........Index .........cantabrica .........x scotica ......Erica: Carnea .........Carnea Index .........AD-JO .........JO-RO .........RU-WI ......Erica: Cinerea .........Index .........AM-HE, .........HO-RO, .........RO-WI ......Erica: Others .........Others Index .........Others 1 .........Others 2 .........Others 3 .........Others 4 .........Darleyensis In .........darleyensis 1 .........darleyensis 2 .........Tetralix Index .........tetralix .........Vagans Index .........vagans ...Heather Shrub ...Heather Index

STAGE 4C CULTIVATION, POSITION, USE GALLERY Cultivation Requirements of Plant
Outdoor / Garden Cultivation	1
Indoor / House Cultivation	1
Cool Greenhouse (and Alpine House) Cultivation with artificial heating in the Winter	1
Conservatory Cultivation with heating throughout the year	1
Stovehouse Cultivation with heating throughout the year for Tropical Plants	1

Sun Aspect
Full Sun	1
Part Shade	1
Full Shade	1

Soil Type
Any Soil	1
Chalky Soil	1
Clay Soil	1
Lime-Free Soil	1
Peaty Soil	1
Sandy Soil	1
Acid Soil	1
Alkaline Soil	1
Badly-drained Soil	1

Soil Moisture
Dry	1
Moist	1
Wet	1

Position for Plant
Back of Shady Border	1
Back of Shrub Border	1
Bedding	1
Bog Garden	1
Coastal Conditions / Seaside	1
Container in Garden	1
Front of Border	1
Ground Cover 0-24 inches (0-60 cms)	1
Ground Cover 24-72 inches (60-180 cms)	1
Ground Cover Over 72 inches (180 cms)	1
Hanging Basket	1
Hedge	1
Hedge - Thorny	1
Pollution Barrier	1
Pond	1
Pot in House, Greenhouse, Conservatory or Stovehouse	1
Raised Bed	1
Rest of Border	1
Rock Garden	1
Scree Bed	1
Speciman on Lawn	1
Sunny Border	1
Tree for Lawn	1
Tree/Shrub for Small Garden	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13,14, 15,16, uses of tree/ shrub
Wildflower	1
Windbreak	1
Woodland	1

Use of Plant
Pollen or nectar for Bees	1
Hosts to Butterflies	1
Encouraging birds / wildlife, providing food and shelter	1
Bee-Pollinated plants for Hay Fever Sufferers	1
Berries / Fruit	1
Dry Site in Full Sun	1
Dry Shade	1
Filtering noise	1
Flower Arrange-ments	1
Fragrant Flower	1
Language of Flowers	1
Low maintenance	1
Moist Shade	1
Moist and swampy Sites	1
Nitrogen fixing plants	1
Not Fragrant Flower	1
Rabbit-Resistant	1
Speciman Plant	1
Thornless	1
Tolerant of Poor Soil	1

STAGE 4D SHAPE, FORM INDEX GALLERY Plant Foliage
Aromatic Foliage	1
Autumn Foliage	1
Finely Cut Leaves	1
Large Leaves	1
Yellow Variegated Foliage	1
White Variegated Foliage	1
Red / Purple Variegated Foliage	1
Silver, Grey and Glaucous Foliage	1
Sword-shaped Leaves	1

Flower Shape
Number of Flower Petals
Petal-less	1
1 Petal	1
2 Petals	1
3 Petals	1
4 Petals	1
5 Petals	1
Above 5	1

Flower Shape - Simple
Stars	1
Bowls	1
Cups and Saucers	1
Globes	1
Goblets and Chalices	1
Trumpets	1
Funnels	1
Bells	1
Thimbles	1
Urns	1
Salverform	1

Flower Shape - Elaborated
Tubes, Lips and Straps	1
Slippers, Spurs and Lockets	1
Hats, Hoods and Helmets	1
Standards, Wings and Keels	1
Discs and Florets	1
Pin-Cushions	1
Tufts	1
Cushion	1
Umbel	1
Buttons	1
Pompoms	1

Natural Arrangements
Bunches, Posies, Sprays	1
Columns, Spikes and Spires	1
Whorls, Tiers and Candelabra	1
Plumes and Tails	1
Chains and Tassels	1
Clouds, Garlands and Cascades	1
Spheres, Domes (Clusters), Plates and Drumsticks	1

STAGE 4D SHAPE, FORM INDEX GALLERY Shrub, Tree Shape
Columnar	1
Oval	1
Rounded or Spherical	1
Flattened Spherical	1
Narrow Conical / Narrow Pyramidal	1
Broad Conical / Broad Pyramidal	1
Ovoid / Egg-Shaped	1
Broad Ovoid	1
Narrow Vase-shaped / Inverted Ovoid	1
Fan-Shaped /Vase-Shaped	1
Broad Fan-Shaped / Broad Vase-Shaped	1
Narrow Weeping	1
Broad Weeping	1
Palm	1

Conifer Cone	1

Form
Arching	1
Climbing	1
Clump-Forming	1
Mat-Forming	1
Mound-Forming	1
Prostrate	1
Spreading	1
Stemless	1
Upright	1

Poisonous Plant	1

STAGE 1 GARDEN STYLE INDEX GALLERY Fragrant Plants adds the use of another of your 5 senses in your garden:- Sense of Fragrance from Roy Genders Fragrant Plants:- Trees and Shrubs with Scented Flowers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Trees and Shrubs with Scented Leaves 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Trees and Shrubs with Aromatic Bark 1, 2, 3 Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for an Acid Soil 1, 2, 3, 4 Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for a Chalky or Limestone Soil 1, 2, 3, 4 Shrubs bearing Scented leaves for a Sandy Soil 1, 2, 3 Herbaceous Plants with Scented Flowers 1, 2, 3 Herbaceous Plants with Scented Leaves 1, 2, 3 Annual and Biennial Plants with Scented Flowers or Leaves 1, 2 Bulbs and Corms with Scented Flowers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Scented Plants of Climbing and Trailing Habit 1, 2, 3 Winter-flowering Plants with Scented Flowers 1, 2 Night-scented Flowering Plants 1, 2 Scented Aquatic Plants 1 Plants with Scented Fruits 1 Plants with Scented Roots 1, 2 Trees and Shrubs with Scented Wood 1 Trees and Shrubs with Scented Gums 1 Scented Cacti and Succulents 1 Plants bearing Flowers or Leaves of Unpleasant Smell 1, 2

STAGE 2 INFILL PLANT INDEX GALLERY 3 Fan-trained Shape From Rhododendrons, boxwood, azaleas, clematis, novelties, bay trees, hardy plants, evergreens : novelties bulbs, cannas novelties, palms, araucarias, ferns, vines, orchids, flowering shrubs, ornamental grasses and trees book, via Wikimedia Commons
Ramblers Scramblers & Twiners by Michael Jefferson-Brown (ISBN 0 - 7153 - 0942 - 0) describes how to choose, plant and nurture over 500 high-performance climbing plants and wall shrubs, so that more can be made of your garden if you think not just laterally on the ground but use the vertical support structures including the house as well. The Gardener's Illustrated Encyclopedia of Climbers & Wall Shrubs - A Guide to more than 2000 varieties including Roses, Clematis and Fruit Trees by Brian Davis. (ISBN 0-670-82929-3) provides the lists for 'Choosing the right Shrub or Climber' together with Average Height and Spread after 5 years, 10 years and 20 years.

STAGE 2 INFILL PLANT INDEX GALLERIES 1, 2, 3 Gardening with Alpines by Stanley B. Whitehead. Garden Book Club. Published in 1962. It provides most of the data about the Alpines. Plant Solutions 1000+ suggestions for every garden situation by Nigel Colborn ISBN 13:978 0 00 719312 7, provides many of the plants for the pages in these Galleries. Essential Annuals The 100 Best for Design and Cultivation. Text by Elizabeth Murray. Photography by Derek Fell. ISBN 0-517-66177-2, provides data about annuals. Indoor Bulb Growing by Edward Pearson. Published by Purnell & Sons, Ltd in 1953. It provides the data about Indoor Bulbs and Bulbs in Window-boxes. Colour All The Year In My Garden: A selection of choice varieties - annuals, biennials, perennials, bulbs, climbers and trees and shrubs - that will give a continuity of colour in the garden throughout the year. Edited by C.H. Middleton. Gardening Book from Ward, Lock & Co published in 1938, provides plant data for a calendar of plants in bloom throughout the year and for those in the smallest garden. The Book of Bulbs by S. Arnott, F.R.H.S. Printed by Turnbull & Spears, Edinburgh in 1901. This provides data about Hardy Bulbs, Half-Hardy Bulbs, Greenhouse and Stove Bulbs. Collins Guide to Bulbs by Patrick M. Synge. ISBN 0 00 214016-0 First Edition 1961, Second Edition 1971, Reprinted 1973. This provides data on bulbs for bedding, bulbs in the border, bulbs naturalised in grass, bulbs in the woodland garden, bulbs in the rock garden, bulbs in pans in the alpine house, bulbs in the greenhouse, bulbs in bowls and the bulb frame. Annuals & Biennials, the best annual and biennial plants and their uses in the garden by Gertrude Jekyll published in 1916 and republished by Forgotten Books in 2012 (Forgotten Books is a London-based book publisher specializing in the restoration of old books, both fiction and non-fiction. Today we have 372,702 books available to read online, download as ebooks, or purchase in print.). Cut Flowers All The Year from The New Illustrated Gardening Encyclopedia by Richard Sudell, printed before May 1935 for the plant names in each month, followed by details for culture and propagation. Mr. Middleton's Garden Book by Daily Express Publication, reprinted 1941 for the individual cultivar names with evergreen/ deciduous, flower colour, flower month and height.

STAGE 4D SHAPE, FORM INDEX GALLERY Tree and Shrubs in Garden Design - Trees and Shrubs suitable for Clay Soils (neutral to slightly acid) Trees and Shrubs suitable for Dry Acid Soils Trees and Shrubs suitable for Shallow Soil over Chalk Trees and Shrubs tolerant of both extreme Acidity and Alkalinity Trees and Shrubs suitable for Damp Sites Trees and Shrubs suitable for Industrial Areas Trees and Shrubs suitable for Cold Exposed Areas Trees and Shrubs suitable for Seaside Areas Shrubs suitable for Heavy Shade Shrubs and Climbers suitable for NORTH- and EAST-facing Walls Shrubs suitable for Ground Cover Trees of Pendulous Habit Trees and Shrubs of Upright or Fastigiate Habit Trees and Shrubs with Ornamental Bark or Twigs Trees and Shrubs with Bold Foliage Trees and Shrubs for Autumn Colour Trees and Shrubs with Red or Purple Foliage Trees and Shrubs with Golden or Yellow Foliage Trees and Shrubs with Grey or Silver Foliage Trees and Shrubs with Variegated Foliage Trees and Shrubs bearing Ornamental Fruit Trees and Shrubs with Fragrant or Scented Flowers Trees and Shrubs with Aromatic Foliage Flowering Trees and Shrubs for Every Month:- Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec

Topic - Over 1060 links in this table to a topic in a topic folder or page within that folder of this website
Case Studies
...Drive Foundations
Ryegrass and turf kills plants within Roadstone and in Topsoil due to it starving and dehydrating them.
CEDAdrive creates stable drive surface and drains rain into your ground, rather than onto the public road.
8 problems caused by building house on clay or with house-wall attached to clay.
Pre-building work on polluted soil.

Companion Planting
A ,B ,C ,D ,E ,
F ,G ,H ,I ,J ,K ,
L ,M ,N ,O ,P ,Q ,
R ,S ,T ,U ,V ,W ,
X, Y, Z
...Pest Control
...using Plants to provide a Companion Plant to aid your selected plant or deter its pests

Garden
Construction
with ground drains
Garden Design
...How to Use the Colour Wheel Concepts for Selection of Flowers, Foliage and Flower Shape
...RHS Mixed
Borders
......Bedding Plants
......Her Perennials
......Other Plants
......Camera photos of Plant supports
Garden
Maintenance
Glossary with a tomato teaching cauliflowers
Home
Library of over 1000 books
Offbeat Glossary with DuLally Bird in its flower clock.

Plants
...in Chalk
(Alkaline) Soil
......A-F1, A-F2,
......A-F3, G-L, M-R,
......M-R Roses, S-Z
...in Heavy
Clay Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z
...in Lime-Free
(Acid) Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z
...in Light
Sand Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z.
...Poisonous Plants.
...Extra Plant Pages
with its 6 Plant Selection Levels

Soil
...Interaction between 2 Quartz Sand Grains to make soil
...How roots of plants are in control in the soil
...Without replacing Soil Nutrients, the soil will break up to only clay, sand or silt
...Subsidence caused by water in Clay
...Use water ring for trees/shrubs for first 2 years.

Tool Shed with 3 kneeling pads
Useful Data with benefits of Seaweed

Topic -
Plant Photo Galleries
with Plant Botanical Index
...A, B, C, D, E,
...F, G, H, I, J, K,
...L, M, N, O, P, Q,
...R, S, T, U, V, W,
...X, Y, Z

If the plant type below has flowers, then the first gallery will include the flower thumbnail in each month of 1 of 6 or 7 flower colour comparison pages of each plant in its subsidiary galleries, as a low-level Plant Selection Process
Aquatic
Bamboo
Bedding
...by Flower Shape

Bulb Index
A1, 2, 3, B, C1, 2,
D, E, F, G, Glad,
H, I, J, K, L1, 2,
M, N, O, P, Q, R,
S, T, U, V, W, XYZ
...Allium/ Anemone
...Autumn
...Colchicum/ Crocus
...Dahlia
...Gladiolus with its 40 Flower Colours
......European A-E
......European F-M
......European N-Z
......Eur Non-classified
......American A
......American B
......American C
......American D
......American E
......American F
......American G
......American H
......American I
......American J
......American K
......American L
......American M
......American N
......American O
......American P
......American Q
......American R
......American S
......American T
......American U
......American V
......American W
......American XYZ
......Ame Non-classified
......Australia - empty
......India
......Lithuania
...Hippeastrum/ Lily
...Late Summer
...Narcissus
...Spring
...Tulip
...Winter
...Each of the above ...Bulb Galleries has its own set of Flower Colour Pages
...Flower Shape
...Bulb Form
...Bulb Use
...Bulb in Soil

Further details on bulbs from the Infill Galleries:-
Hardy Bulbs
...Aconitum
...Allium
...Alstroemeria
...Anemone
...Amaryllis
...Anthericum
...Antholyzas
...Apios
...Arisaema
...Arum
...Asphodeline
...Asphodelus
...Belamcanda
...Bloomeria
...Brodiaea
...Bulbocodium
...Calochorti
...Cyclobothrias
...Camassia
...Colchicum
...Convallaria  ...Forcing Lily of the Valley
...Corydalis
...Crinum
...Crosmia
...Montbretia
...Crocus
...Cyclamen
...Dicentra
...Dierama
...Eranthis
...Eremurus
...Erythrnium
...Eucomis
...Fritillaria
...Funkia
...Galanthus
...Galtonia
...Gladiolus
...Hemerocallis
...Hyacinth
...Hyacinths in Pots
...Scilla
...Puschkinia
...Chionodoxa
...Chionoscilla
...Muscari
...Iris
...Kniphofia
...Lapeyrousia
...Leucojum
...Lilium
...Lilium in Pots
...Malvastrum
...Merendera
...Milla
...Narcissus
...Narcissi in Pots
...Ornithogalum
...Oxalis
...Paeonia
...Ranunculus
...Romulea
...Sanguinaria
...Sternbergia
...Schizostylis
...Tecophilaea
...Trillium
...Tulip
...Zephyranthus
Half-Hardy Bulbs
...Acidanthera
...Albuca
...Alstroemeri
...Andro-stephium
...Bassers
...Boussing-aultias
...Bravoas
...Cypellas
...Dahlias
...Galaxis,
...Geissorhizas
...Hesperanthas
...Gladioli
...Ixias
...Sparaxises
...Babianas
...Morphixias
...Tritonias
...Ixiolirions
...Moraeas
...Ornithogalums
...Oxalises
...Phaedra-nassas
...Pancratiums
...Tigridias
...Zephyranthes
...Cooperias
Uses of Bulbs:-
...for Bedding
...in Windowboxes
...in Border
...naturalized in Grass
...in Bulb Frame
...in Woodland Garden
...in Rock Garden
...in Bowls
...in Alpine House
...Bulbs in Greenhouse or Stove:-
...Achimenes
...Alocasias
...Amorpho-phalluses
...Arisaemas
...Arums
...Begonias
...Bomareas
...Caladiums
...Clivias
...Colocasias
...Crinums
...Cyclamens
...Cyrtanthuses
...Eucharises
...Urceocharis
...Eurycles
...Freesias
...Gloxinias
...Haemanthus
...Hippeastrums
...Lachenalias
...Nerines
...Lycorises
...Pencratiums
...Hymenocallises
...Richardias
...Sprekelias
...Tuberoses
...Vallotas
...Watsonias
...Zephyranthes
...Plant Bedding in
......Spring
......Summer
...Bulb houseplants flowering inside House during:-
......January
......February
......March
......April
......May
......June
......July
......August
......September
......October
......November
......December
...Bulbs and other types of plant flowering during:-
......Dec-Jan
......Feb-Mar
......Apr-May
......Jun-Aug
......Sep-Oct
......Nov-Dec
...Selection of the smaller and choicer plants for the Smallest of Gardens with plant flowering during the same 6 periods as in the previous selection

Climber in
3 Sector Vertical Plant System
...Clematis
...Climbers
Conifer
Deciduous Shrub
...Shrubs - Decid
Deciduous Tree
...Trees - Decid
Evergreen Perennial
...P-Evergreen A-L
...P-Evergreen M-Z
...A,B,C,D,E,F,G,
...H,I,J,K,L,M,N,
...O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,
...V,W,X,Y,Z
...Flower Shape
Evergreen Shrub
...Shrubs - Evergreen
...Heather Shrub
...Heather Index
......Andromeda
......Bruckenthalia
......Calluna
......Daboecia
......Erica: Carnea
......Erica: Cinerea
......Erica: Others
Evergreen Tree
...Trees - Evergreen
Fern
Grass
Hedging
Herbaceous
Perennial
...A1,2,B,C,D,E,F,G,
...H,I,J,K,L,M,N,
...O,P1,2,Q,R,S,T,U,
...V,W,XYZ,
...Diascia Photo Album,
...UK Peony Index
...P -Herbaceous
...Peony
...Flower Shape
...RHS Wisley
......Mixed Border
......Other Borders
Herb
Odds and Sods
Rhododendron

Rose
...RHS Wisley A-F
...RHS Wisley G-R
...RHS Wisley S-Z
...Rose Use - page links in row 6. Rose, RHS Wisley and Other Roses rose indices on each Rose Use page
...Other Roses A-F
...Other Roses G-R
...Other Roses S-Z
Pruning Methods
Photo Index R 1, 2, 3
Peter Beales Roses
RV Roger Roses

Soft Fruit
Top Fruit
...Apple
...Cherry
...Pear
Vegetable
Wild Flower and
Butterfly page links are in next row

Topic -
Butterflies in the UK mostly use native UK wildflowers.

Butterfly Species.

Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage
of Plants.

Plant Usage by
Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly.

Wild Flower
with its
flower colour page,
space,
Site Map page in its flower colour NOTE Gallery
...Blue Note
...Brown Botanical Names
...Cream Common Names
...Green Note
...Mauve Note
...Multi-Cols Note
...Orange Note
...Pink A-G Note
...Pink H-Z Note
...Purple Note
...Red Note
...White A-D Note
...White E-P Note
...White Q-Z Note
...Yellow A-G Note
...Yellow H-Z Note
...Shrub/Tree Note

Poisonous
Wildflower Plants.

You know its name, use Wild Flower Plant Index a-h, i-p, q-z.
You know which habitat it lives in, use
on Acid Soil,
on Calcareous
(Chalk) Soil,
on Marine Soil,
on Neutral Soil,
is a Fern,
is a Grass,
is a Rush, or
is a Sedge.
You have seen its flower, use Comparison Pages containing Wild Flower Plants and Cultivated Plants in the Colour Wheel Gallery.

Each plant named in each of the 180 Wildflower Family Pages within their 23 Galleries may have a link to:-
1) its Plant Description Page in its Common Name column in one of those Wildflower Plant Galleries and will have links,
2) to external sites to purchase the plant or seed in its Botanical Name column,
3) to see photos in its Flowering Months column and
4) to read habitat details in its Habitat Column.

WILD FLOWER FAMILY PAGE MENU
(o)Adder's Tongue
Amaranth
(o)Arrow-Grass
(o)Arum
(o)Balsam
Bamboo
(o)Barberry
(o)Bedstraw
(o)Beech
(o)Bellflower
(o)Bindweed
(o)Birch
(o)Birds-Nest
(o)Birthwort
(o)Bogbean
(o)Bog Myrtle
(o)Borage
(o)Box
(o)Broomrape
(o)Buckthorn
(o)Buddleia
(o)Bur-reed
(o)Buttercup
(o)Butterwort
(o)Cornel (Dogwood)
(o)Crowberry
(o)Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 1
(o)Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 2
Cypress
(o)Daffodil
(o)Daisy
(o)Daisy Cudweeds
(o)Daisy Chamomiles
(o)Daisy Thistle
(o)Daisy Catsears (o)Daisy Hawkweeds
(o)Daisy Hawksbeards
(o)Daphne
(o)Diapensia
(o)Dock Bistorts
(o)Dock Sorrels
(o)Clubmoss
(o)Duckweed
(o)Eel-Grass
(o)Elm
(o)Filmy Fern
(o)Horsetail
(o)Polypody
Quillwort
(o)Royal Fern
(o)Figwort - Mulleins
(o)Figwort - Speedwells
(o)Flax
(o)Flowering-Rush
(o)Frog-bit
(o)Fumitory
(o)Gentian
(o)Geranium
(o)Glassworts
(o)Gooseberry
(o)Goosefoot
(o)Grass 1
(o)Grass 2
(o)Grass 3
(o)Grass Soft
Bromes 1
(o)Grass Soft
Bromes 2
(o)Grass Soft
Bromes 3
(o)Hazel
(o)Heath
(o)Hemp
(o)Herb-Paris
(o)Holly
(o)Honeysuckle
(o)Horned-Pondweed
(o)Hornwort
(o)Iris
(o)Ivy
(o)Jacobs Ladder
(o)Lily
(o)Lily Garlic
(o)Lime
(o)Lobelia
(o)Loosestrife
(o)Mallow
(o)Maple
(o)Mares-tail
(o)Marsh Pennywort
(o)Melon (Gourd/Cucumber)
(o)Mesem-bryanthemum
(o)Mignonette
(o)Milkwort
(o)Mistletoe
(o)Moschatel
Naiad
(o)Nettle
(o)Nightshade
(o)Oleaster
(o)Olive
(o)Orchid 1
(o)Orchid 2
(o)Orchid 3
(o)Orchid 4
(o)Parnassus-Grass
(o)Peaflower
(o)Peaflower
Clover 1
(o)Peaflower
Clover 2
(o)Peaflower
Clover 3
(o)Peaflower Vetches/Peas
Peony
(o)Periwinkle
Pillwort
Pine
(o)Pink 1
(o)Pink 2
Pipewort
(o)Pitcher-Plant
(o)Plantain
(o)Pondweed
(o)Poppy
(o)Primrose
(o)Purslane
Rannock Rush
(o)Reedmace
(o)Rockrose
(o)Rose 1
(o)Rose 2
(o)Rose 3
(o)Rose 4
(o)Rush
(o)Rush Woodrushes
(o)Saint Johns Wort
Saltmarsh Grasses
(o)Sandalwood
(o)Saxifrage
Seaheath
(o)Sea Lavender
(o)Sedge Rush-like
(o)Sedges Carex 1
(o)Sedges Carex 2
(o)Sedges Carex 3
(o)Sedges Carex 4
(o)Spindle-Tree
(o)Spurge
(o)Stonecrop
(o)Sundew
(o)Tamarisk
Tassel Pondweed
(o)Teasel
(o)Thyme 1
(o)Thyme 2
(o)Umbellifer 1
(o)Umbellifer 2
(o)Valerian
(o)Verbena
(o)Violet
(o)Water Fern
(o)Waterlily
(o)Water Milfoil
(o)Water Plantain
(o)Water Starwort
Waterwort
(o)Willow
(o)Willow-Herb
(o)Wintergreen
(o)Wood-Sorrel
(o)Yam
(o)Yew

Topic -
The following is a complete hierarchical Plant Selection Process
dependent on the Garden Style chosen
Garden Style
...Infill Plants
...12 Bloom Colours per Month Index
...12 Foliage Colours per Month Index
...All Plants Index
...Cultivation, Position, Use Index
...Shape, Form
Index

Topic -
Flower/Foliage Colour Wheel Galleries with number of colours as a high-level Plant Selection Process

All Flowers 53 with
...Use of Plant and
Flower Shape - page links in bottom row

All Foliage 53
instead of redundant
...(All Foliage 212)

All Flowers
per Month 12

Bee instead of wind pollinated plants for hay-fever sufferers
All Bee-Pollinated Flowers
per Month 12
...Index

Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers
Rock Plant Flowers 53 INDEX
A, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, I, J, K, L,
M, NO, PQ, R, S,
T, UVWXYZ
...Rock Plant Photos

Flower Colour Wheel without photos, but with links to photos
12 Bloom Colours
per Month Index
...All Plants Index

Topic -
Use of Plant in your Plant Selection Process

Plant Colour Wheel Uses
with
1. Perfect general use soil is composed of 8.3% lime, 16.6% humus, 25% clay and 50% sand, and
2. Why you are continually losing the SOIL STRUCTURE so your soil - will revert to clay, chalk, sand or silt.
Uses of Plant and Flower Shape:-
...Foliage Only
...Other than Green Foliage
...Trees in Lawn
...Trees in Small Gardens
...Wildflower Garden
...Attract Bird
...Attract Butterfly
1, 2
...Climber on House Wall
...Climber not on House Wall
...Climber in Tree
...Rabbit-Resistant
...Woodland
...Pollution Barrier
...Part Shade
...Full Shade
...Single Flower provides Pollen for Bees
1, 2, 3
...Ground-Cover
<60cm
60-180cm
>180cm
...Hedge
...Wind-swept
...Covering Banks
...Patio Pot
...Edging Borders
...Back of Border
...Poisonous
...Adjacent to Water
...Bog Garden
...Tolerant of Poor Soil
...Winter-Flowering
...Fragrant
...Not Fragrant
...Exhibition
...Standard Plant is 'Ball on Stick'
...Upright Branches or Sword-shaped leaves
...Plant to Prevent Entry to Human or Animal
...Coastal Conditions
...Tolerant on North-facing Wall
...Cut Flower
...Potted Veg Outdoors
...Potted Veg Indoors
...Thornless
...Raised Bed Outdoors Veg
...Grow in Alkaline Soil A-F, G-L, M-R,
S-Z
...Grow in Acidic Soil
...Grow in Any Soil
...Grow in Rock Garden
...Grow Bulbs Indoors

Uses of Bedding
...Bedding Out
...Filling In
...Screen-ing
...Pots and Troughs
...Window Boxes
...Hanging Baskets
...Spring Bedding
...Summer Bedding
...Winter Bedding
...Foliage instead of Flower
...Coleus Bedding Photos for use in Public Domain 1

Uses of Bulb
...Other than Only Green Foliage
...Bedding or Mass Planting
...Ground-Cover
...Cut-Flower
...Tolerant of Shade
...In Woodland Areas
...Under-plant
...Tolerant of Poor Soil
...Covering Banks
...In Water
...Beside Stream or Water Garden
...Coastal Conditions
...Edging Borders
...Back of Border or Back-ground Plant
...Fragrant Flowers
...Not Fragrant Flowers
...Indoor
House-plant
...Grow in a Patio Pot
...Grow in an Alpine Trough
...Grow in an Alpine House
...Grow in Rock Garden
...Speciman Plant
...Into Native Plant Garden
...Naturalize in Grass
...Grow in Hanging Basket
...Grow in Window-box
...Grow in Green-house
...Grow in Scree
...Naturalized Plant Area
...Grow in Cottage Garden
...Attracts Butterflies
...Attracts Bees
...Resistant to Wildlife
...Bulb in Soil:-
......Chalk
......Clay
......Sand
......Lime-Free (Acid)
......Peat

Uses of Rose
Rose Index
...Bedding 1, 2
...Climber /Pillar
...Cut-Flower 1, 2
...Exhibition, Speciman
...Ground-Cover
...Grow In A Container 1, 2
...Hedge 1, 2
...Climber in Tree
...Woodland
...Edging Borders
...Tolerant of Poor Soil 1, 2
...Tolerant of Shade
...Back of Border
...Adjacent to Water
...Page for rose use as ARCH ROSE, PERGOLA ROSE, COASTAL CONDITIONS ROSE, WALL ROSE, STANDARD ROSE, COVERING BANKS or THORNLESS ROSES.
...FRAGRANT ROSES
...NOT FRAGRANT ROSES

Topic -
Camera Photo Galleries showing all 4000 x 3000 pixels of each photo on your screen that you can then click and drag it to your desktop as part of a Plant Selection Process:-

RHS Garden at Wisley
Plant Supports -
When supporting plants in a bed, it is found that not only do those plants grow upwards, but also they expand their roots and footpad sideways each year. Pages
1, 2, 3, 8, 11,
12, 13,
Plants 4, 7, 10,
Bedding Plants 5,
Plant Supports for Unknown Plants 5,
Clematis Climbers 6,
the RHS does not appear to either follow it's own pruning advice or advice from The Pruning of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers by George E. Brown.
ISBN 0-571-11084-3 with the plants in Pages 1-7 of this folder. You can see from looking at both these resources as to whether the pruning carried out on the remainder of the plants in Pages 7-15 was correct.
Narcissus (Daffodil) 9,
Phlox Plant Supports 14, 15

Coleus Bedding Foliage Trial - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, Index

National Trust Garden at Sissinghurst Castle
Plant Supports -
Pages for Gallery 1
with Plant Supports
1, 5, 10
Plants
2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9,
11, 12
Recommended Rose Pruning Methods 13
Pages for Gallery 2
with Plant Supports
2,
Plants 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Dry Garden of
RHS Garden at
Hyde Hall
Plants - Pages
without Plant Supports
Plants 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Nursery of
Peter Beales Roses
Display Garden
Roses Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13

Nursery of
RV Roger
Roses - Pages
A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,
A6,A7,A8,A9,A10,
A11,A12,A13,A14,
B15,
B16,B17,B18,B19,
B20,
B21,B22,B23,B24,
B25,
B26,B27,B28,B29,
B30,
C31,C32,C33,C34,
C35,
C36,C37,C38,C39,
C40,
C41,CD2,D43,D44,
D45,
D46,D47,D48,D49,
E50,
E51,E52,F53,F54,
F55,
F56,F57,G58,G59,
H60,
H61,I62,K63,L64,
M65,
M66,N67,P68,P69,
P70,
R71,R72,S73,S74,
T75,
V76,Z77, 78,

Damage by Plants in Chilham Village - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4

Pavements of Funchal, Madeira
Damage to Trees - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13
for trees 1-54,
14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
for trees 55-95,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37,
for trees 95-133,
38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
for trees 133-166

Chris Garnons-Williams
Work Done - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13

Identity of Plants
Label Problems - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11

Ron and Christine Foord - 1036 photos only inserted so far - Garden Flowers - Start Page of each Gallery
AB1 ,AN14,BA27,
CH40,CR52,DR63,
FR74,GE85,HE96,

Plant with Photo Index of Ivydene Gardens - 1187
A 1, 2, Photos - 43
B 1, Photos - 13
C 1, Photos - 35
D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
Photos - 411
with Plants causing damage to buildings in Chilham Village and Damage to Trees in Pavements of Funchal
E 1, Photos - 21
F 1, Photos - 1
G 1, Photos - 5
H 1, Photos - 21
I 1, Photos - 8
J 1, Photos - 1
K 1, Photos - 1
L 1, Photos - 85
with Label Problems
M 1, Photos - 9
N 1, Photos - 12
O 1, Photos - 5
P 1, Photos - 54
Q 1, Photos -
R 1, 2, 3,
Photos - 229
S 1, Photos - 111
T 1, Photos - 13
U 1, Photos - 5
V 1, Photos - 4
W 1, Photos - 100
with Work Done by Chris Garnons-Williams
X 1 Photos -
Y 1, Photos -
Z 1 Photos -
Articles/Items in Ivydene Gardens - 88
Flower Colour, Num of Petals, Shape and
Plant Use of:-
Rock Garden
within linked page

Topic -
Fragrant Plants as a Plant Selection Process for your sense of smell:-
Sense of Fragrance from Roy Genders

Fragrant Plants:-
Trees and Shrubs with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for an Acid Soil
1, 2, 3, 4
Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for a
Chalky or Limestone Soil
1, 2, 3, 4
Shrubs bearing Scented leaves for a
Sandy Soil
1, 2, 3
Herbaceous Plants with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3
Annual and Biennial Plants with Scented Flowers or Leaves
1, 2
Bulbs and Corms with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Scented Plants of Climbing and Trailing Habit
1, 2, 3
Winter-flowering Plants with Scented Flowers
1, 2
Night-scented Flowering Plants
1, 2

Topic -
Website User Guidelines

My Gas Service Engineer found Flow and Return pipes incorrectly positioned on gas boilers and customers had refused to have positioning corrected in 2020.

Ivydene Gardens Herbaceous Perennial Flower Shape Gallery: Page Title in Table below
HERBACEOUS PERENNIAL FLOWER SHAPE AND OTHER DETAILS- Click on Text link
Number of Flower Petals
Number of Flower Petals	Petal-less	1	2	3	4	5	Above 5

Flower Shape - Simple
	Stars	Bowls	Cups and Saucers	Globes	Goblets and Chalices	Trumpets	Funnels

	Bells	Thimbles	Urns	Salverform

Flower Shape - Elabor-ated
	Tubes, Lips and Straps	Slippers, Spurs and Lockets	Hats, Hoods and Helmets	Stan-dards, Wings and Keels	Discs and Florets	Pin-Cushions	Tufts

	Cushion	Umbel	Buttons	Pompoms

Natural Arrange-ments
Natural Arrange-ments	Bunches, Posies and Sprays	Columns, Spikes and Spires	Whorls, Tiers and Cande-labra	Plumes and Tails	Chains and Tassels	Clouds, Garlands and Cascades	Spheres, Domes and Plates

Herbaceous Perennial Name Index The respective flower colour and thumbnail, months of flowering, form, height and width, foliage colour and thumbnail, use and comments are in the relevant index page Evergreen Perennial Name Index --->	A 1, 2	B	C	D Diascia Photo Album	E	F	G
	H	I	J	K	L	M	N
	O	P 1, 2 UK Peony Index	Q	R	S	T	U
	V	W	XYZ	UK Peony Index :- 5 with photos and Peony Description Page (PDP), 9 with photos but no PDP yet, 32 without photos and no PDP

Landscaping with Perennials by Emily Brown. 5th printing 1989 by Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-063-0 for planting sites for perennials, which include most plant types except Annuals and Biennials. Perennials & Ephemerals chapter of Plants for Dry Gardens by Jane Taylor. Published by Frances Lincoln Limited in 1993. ISBN 0-7112-0772-0 for plants that are drought tolerant.
Woodland Site	Shady Places Site	Rock Garden in Sun Site. In Shade Site.	Planting on a Sloping Site	Bog Site	Large Perennial Site	Cut Flower Site	Outdoor Room Site
Strip Site	Plans for Beds and Borders Site	Beds Site	Borders Site				Long Bloomers
White Flower Colour	Blue or Almost Blue Flower Colour	Lavender Flower Colour	Lavender, called Blue Flower Colour	Yellow Flower Colour	Orange Flower Colour	Pink Flower Colour	Red & Scarlet Flower Colour
Maroon Flower Colour	Flowering Stem between 24-48 inches (60-120 cms)	Flowering Stem over 48 inches (120 cms)	Bloom by Season Jan-Feb	Bloom by Season Mar-Apr	Bloom by Season May-Jun	Bloom by Season Jul-Aug	Bloom by Season Sep-Dec
Foliage Blue-Green	Foliage Grey-Green	Foliage Grey	Foliage Varie-gated		Foliage Height 1-7 inches (2.5-17.5 cms)	Foliage Height 8-23 inches (20-57.5 cms)	Foliage Height 24- inches (60 and over cms)
Foliage Bold	Foliage Finely Cut, Delicate or Compound + Finely Cut	Foliage Aromatic		Perennials for Ground Covering in the Full Sun + 1, 2	Perennials for Ground Covering in Shade and 3		Long Lived
Bulbs to Combine with Perennials including Corms	Grasses to Grow with Perennials	Subshrubs to Grow with Perennials	Annuals to Use with Perennials	Herbs for Decoration as well as Culinary		Annuals, Biennials and Perennials to grow Annually	Perennials which Self Sow
Neat Growers - Good for Beds		Perennials which prefer Moisture	Perennials which do best on Margins of Water	Perennials which are Drought Tolerant	Perennials which tolerate Dense Shade	Perennials for Poor Soil, Full Sun	Tough Perennials (or easy Maint-enance)
Alpines without a Garden by Lawrence D. Hills. Published by Faber and Faber Limited in 1953 for cultivation of alpines in pans, troughs and window-boxes, particularly in towns, for gardeners who have only windw-sills or verandas, or flat roof spaces. Colour All The Year in My Garden by C.H. Middleton. Published by Ward, Lock & Co. for culture. Perennials The Gardener's Reference by Susan Carter, Carrie Becker and Bob Lilly. Published by Timber Press in 2007 for plants for Special Gardens. It also gives details of species and cultivars for each genus.
Herbaceous Perennial Form	Mat-forming	Prostrate or Trailing Climbing	Cushion or Mound-forming	Spreading or Creeping	Clump- forming	Stemless. Sword-shaped Leaves	Erect or Upright Arching
Herbaceous Perennial Use	Other than Only Green Foliage	Bedding or Mass Planting	Ground-Cover	In Water	Coastal Conditions	Speciman Plant	Under-plant
	Indoor House-plant	Grow in an Alpine House	Grow in Hanging Basket	Grow in Window-box	Grow in Green-house	Fragrant Flowers	Not Fragrant Flowers
	Attracts Butter-flies	Attracts Bees	Grow in Scree	Grow in a Patio Pot	Grow in an Alpine Trough	Edging Borders	Back of Border or Back-ground Plant
	Into Native Plant Garden	Naturalize in Grass	Natural-ized Plant Area	Resistant to Wildlife		Early Spring Border Special Garden	Spring Epheme-rals Special Garden
	Summer Border Special Garden	Cottage Garden Special Garden	Late Summer Border Special Garden	Autumn Border Special Garden	Shade Border and Woodland Garden Special Garden	Back of Border, Alley, and Too Tall for Words Special Garden	Meadow Garden Special Garden
Herbaceous Perennial in Soil	Chalk + A-F, A-F, A-F, G-L, M-R, S-Z	Clay + A-F, G-L, M-R, S-Z	Sand + A-F, A-F, A-F, G-L, M-R, S-Z	Lime-Free (Acid) + A-F, A-F, A-F, G-L, M-R, S-Z	Peat + A-F, G-L, M-R, S-Z	Any + A-F, G-L, M-R, S-Z	+ Herbac-eous Perennials in Pages in Plants
Peony Use of Peonies in UK Peony Index	Fragrant Flowers	Flower Arrangers Hedge	Growing Tree Peonies in Pots	Front of Border	Rest of Border	Not Green Foliage Rock Garden	Seaside / Coastal Tree

HERBACEOUS AND ALPINE PERENNIAL WITH ITS
7 FLOWER COLOURS PER MONTH GALLERY PAGES AND INDEX PAGES

Site Map of pages with content (o)

Introduction

FOLIAGE COLOUR
Black
Blue
(o)Brown
(o)Bronze
(o)Green1
(o)Green2
(o)Green3
Grey
(o)Purple
(o)Red
Silver
(o)Variegated White
Variegated Yellow
White
Yellow
Autumn Colour
4 Season Colour

SEED/FRUIT COLOUR
(o)Seed

FLOWER BED PICTURES
(o)Garden
(o)Rock Garden

Starting with the data in Garden Style followed by Infill Plants, then you can refine your plant list from the remaining galleries in this cell:-
Garden Style
...Infill Plants
...12 Bloom Colours per Month Index
...12 Foliage Colours per Month Index
...All Plants Index
...Cultivation, Position, Use Index
...Shape, Form
Index

PERENNIAL
ALPINE AND HERBACEOUS DESCRIPTION GALLERY PAGES

FLOWER COLOUR
(o)Blue
(o)Orange
(o)Other Colours
(o)Red
(o)Pink
(o)White
(o)Yellow

HERBACEOUS PERENNIAL Gallery

with 7 Flower Colours (Red, Pink and Purple on same page) per Month in Colour Wheel.

Click on Black or White box in Colour of Month.

colormonthbulb9a1a1a1a1a1a1a1

To compare
all the flowers of the Herbaceous Perennials as well as
all the flowers of all the other plants in this website,
click on BLOOM IN MONTH GALLERY and select from the same 7 colours per month.

As from March 2020, this HERB-PERENN gallery also compares the Herbaceous Perennials from the MIXED BORDER DESIGN Topic.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIAL INDEX -
There are over

91 herbaceous perennials in the Herbaceous Perennial galleries,
with
23 Diascias linked to in the Diascia Photo Album Table at the bottom of each page in the Herbaceous Gallery,
176 herbaceous perennials in the RHS Mixed Borders Garden Design and
46 Peonies in
the Peony Gallery.

The variety of plants that can be used in alpine gardening is obviously very large and very bewildering at first approach. With a view to easing the task of selection here are lists
of alpines most likely to thrive and flourish under certain easily defined conditions and for special purposes, with
Alpines and Paving.

The standard potting and seed-soil recipes from The Propagation of Alpines by Lawrence D. Hills are at the bottom of the page on Alpine - Sink and Trough Gardens.

MIXED BORDER DESIGN Topic

with 7 Flower Colours - Blue, White, Yellow, Green for Unusual, Red, Orange and Pink per Month in Colour Wheel below.

Click on Black or White box in Colour of Month.

colormonth9bpub1a1a1a1a1a1a1a

The Herbaceous Perennials in this gallery are not compared with other Herbaceous Perennials in the HERBACEOUS PERENNIAL GALLERY, but they are compared with each other in the Mixed Border Garden Design Gallery using the above 7 Flower Colours per month Wheel.

FLOWER COLOUR RANGE IN 71 PARTS OF RHS WISLEY MIXED BORDER DURING
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
with
'Walkabout' and 'Stateless' Plants Page
and
Why the sight of flowers from 1 in 4 permanent herbaceous
perennials in this border is not available in the
Lost Flowers Page.

After reviewing the situation in the
'Walkabout' and 'Stateless Plants' Page with the
Lost Flowers Page,
Un-Labelled Bedding Plant Index Page and
Permanent Herbaceous Perennial Plant Index Page,
I am tempted to state:-
'There is room for improvement in the Mixed Border'.

Herbaceous Perennials Height from Text Border for the HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS Gallery

Blue =
0-24 inches
(0-60 cms)

Green =
24-72 inches
(60-180 cms)

Red =
72+ inches
(180+ cms)

Herbaceous Perennials Height from Text Border for the
HERBACEOUS FLOWER SHAPE Gallery with
MIXED BORDER DESIGN Topic

Brown =
0-12 inches
(0-30 cms)

Blue =
0-24 inches
(0-60 cms)

Green =
24-36 inches
(60-90 cms)

Red =
36-72 inches
(90-180 cms)

Black =
72+ inches
(180+ cms)

Plant Soil Moisture from Text Background

Wet Soil

Moist Soil

Dry Soil

Flowering Months range abbreviates month
to its first 3 letters (Apr-Jun is April, May and June).

Click on centre of thumbnail to move from this page to the
Plant Description Page of the Plant named in the Text box below that photo.

The Comments Row of that Plant Description
links to where you personally can purchase that plant via mail-order.

Ivydene Gardens Herbaceous Perennials and Alpine Herbaceous Perennials Gallery:
Alpine / Herbaceous Perennial Index - B

Herbaceous Perennial

Flower Colour

Flower Thumb-nail

Flowering  Months  

Form

with Flower Shape details

Height x Width in inches (cms) -

1 inch = 2.5 cms,

12 inches = 1 foot = 30 cms,

36 inches = 3 feet = 1 yard = 90 cms,

40 inches = 100 cms

Seed Head Thumbnail

Foliage Colour

Comments

Herbaceous Perennial
Use

Alpine Herbaceous Perennial if Text Background is Blue

Evergreen or Semi-Evergreen Perennial

Brunnera macro-phylla

Bright Blue

brunneramacrophyllacflorvroger2

April, May

brunneramacrophyllacforrvroger1a

Clump-forming Form

12-18 x 24
(30-45 x 60)

Large, cordate, hairy,
Dark Green leaves up to 6 inches across

Associate with Thalictrum, dicentra, epimedium, trollius, muscari, narcissus, Ranunculus ficaria, hya-cinthoides, trillium, omphalodes.

Use under deciduous trees and shrubs for spring sun and summer shade.

Brunnera is a woodland plant with light blue, whispy flowers and handsome foliage. The leaves have quite a hairy texture, and make superb ground-cover plants. Ideal for a shady area with moist but well drained soil, but will also prosper in a sunnier spot if the soil doesn’t dry out.

Brunnera macro-phylla
'Jack Frost'

Bright Blue

brunneramacrophyllajackfrostcflokevock2

April, May

brunneramacrophyllajackfrostcforkevock1a

Clump-forming Form

12-18 x 18 (30-45 x 45)

Large, cordate, hairy, Dark Green leaves up to 6 inches across entirely silvered with Green veins and border

Brunnera macrophylla, with its 20in-tall (50cm) airy sprays of blue forget-me-not flowers and dense mounds of neat foliage, is a mainstay of many shady gardens, but rarely receives plaudits.

Useful in dry shade. Happy in sun if the soil is not dry, otherwise the foliage may scorch. Superb container plant.

Brunnera needs to be grown away from direct sunlight. The dappled shade under deciduous trees and shrubs is ideal.

Buph-
thalmum
salicifolium

Deep Yellow

buphthalmumsalicifoliumflot9b

June, July, August,
September

buphthalmumforsalicifolium1a

Clump-forming Form

24 x 18
(60 x 45)

Dark Green

Use with Ligularia, large ferns, Lysimachia ciliata 'Firecracker' and Carex elata.

Allow to flop among other stronger-stemmed perennials and divide the clumps in spring when they have spread too far.

Uses in the garden - "Drought resistant, ground cover, poor soils, rocky terrain, flower arranging and flower border and bed.

Baptisia australis

Violet-Blue

June

40-60 x 20-40
(100-150 x 50-100)

Grey-Green trifoliate

So, What is a Perennial?
"A perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years. In comparison, biennials live for only two years, and annuals only live for one year. What are commonly referred to as perennials are actually herbaceous perennials, or non-woody plants that dies back to the ground in the winter. Woody plants, or plants that do not die back in winter (such as shrubs), are also technically perennial in nature but are usually kept in a separate category." from Perennial Resource.

"A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term (per- + -ennial, "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also widely used to distinguish plants with little or no woody growth from trees and shrubs, which are also technically perennials.
Perennials—especially small flowering plants—that grow and bloom over the spring and summer, die back every autumn and winter, and then return in the spring from their rootstock or other overwintering structure, are known as herbaceous perennials. However, depending on the rigors of local climate, a plant that is a perennial in its native habitat, or in a milder garden, may be treated by a gardener as an annual and planted out every year, from seed, from cuttings, or from divisions. Tomato vines, for example, live several years in their natural tropical/subtropical habitat but are grown as annuals in temperate regions because they don't survive the winter.
So, what is an Evergreen Perennial?
There is also a class of evergreen, or non-herbaceous, perennials, including plants like Bergenia which retain a mantle of leaves throughout the year. An intermediate class of plants is known as subshrubs, which retain a vestigial woody structure in winter, e.g. Penstemon." from Wikipedia.

So what is a Herbaceous Perennial?
"Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground, including many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Herbaceous plants include graminoids, forbs, and ferns. Forbs are generally defined as herbaceous broad leafed plants, while graminoids are plants with grass-like appearance including the true grasses, sedges, and rushes. In some botanical sources, the noun "herb" refers to a "plant that does not produce a woody stem", and the adjective "herbaceous" means "herb-like", referring to parts of the plant that are green and soft in texture". The word "herb" has also other meanings in cooking, medicine, and other fields.
Herbaceous plants most often are low growing plants, different from woody plants like trees, and tend to have soft green stems that lack lignification and their above-ground growth is ephemeral and often seasonal in duration. By contrast, non-herbaceous vascular plants are woody plants which have stems above ground that remain alive, even during any dormant season, and grow shoots the next year from the above-ground parts – these include trees, shrubs, vines and woody bamboos. Banana plants are also regarded as a herbaceous plant because the stem does not contain true woody tissue.
Herbaceous plants include plants that have an annual, biennial, or perennial life cycle. Annual herbaceous plants die completely at the end of the growing season or when they have flowered and fruited, and then new plants grow from seed. Herbaceous perennial and biennial plants may have stems that die at the end of the growing season, but parts of the plant survive under or close to the ground from season to season (for biennials, until the next growing season, when they flower and die). New growth develops from living tissues remaining on or under the ground, including roots, a caudex (a thickened portion of the stem at ground level) or various types of underground stems, such as bulbs, corms, stolons, rhizomes and tubers. Examples of herbaceous biennials include carrot, parsnip and common ragwort; herbaceous perennials include potato, peony, hosta, mint, most ferns and most grasses." from Wikipedia.

I am using the contents from "Landscaping with Perennials by Emily Brown. 5th printing 1989 by Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-063-0 for planting sites for perennials, which include most plant types except Annuals and Biennials". She does actually use some annuals and perhaps biennials. Hopefully she is only using Herbaceous Perennials (with no persistent woody stems above ground), Evergreen Perennials, subshrubs, ferns, bulbs, annuals and grasses. Perhaps she may have left out trees and shrubs.

Ivydene Horticultural Services logo with I design, construct and maintain private gardens. I also advise and teach you in your own garden. 01634 389677

Ivydene
Horticultural
Services

Site design and content of this table copyright ©July 2009.
Page structure amended December 2012. Colour Wheel clarified January 2013.
Feet changed to inches (cms) July 2015.
Herbaceous Perennial Menu Table changed and Index Pages added June 2017.
Added Mixed Border Design Topic Permanent Herbaceous Perennials to Flower Comparison Pages and changed links from thumbnails from adding a page to changing to the plant description page March 2020.
Major additions to Flower Shape Table March 2021.

DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site.

Ivydene Gardens Herbaceous Perennials and Alpine Herbaceous Perennials Gallery:
Alpine / Herbaceous Perennial Index - B

The following perennial plants (which are not Shrubs or Trees) detailed in these books are in the relevant page of Plants Topic:-

Chalk and Limestone Gardening by Sarah Coles (ISBN 1 86126 738 X) shows how to improve the soil and which plants flourish on alkaline soils - chalk and clay. Sarah Cole works on her own Hampshire garden with chalk soil at her home in England.
Ferguson's Garden Plant Directory by Nicola Ferguson (ISBN 0 330 26594 6) shows which plants flourish on alkaline soils - shallow soil on chalk. Nichola Ferguson has her north-facing, high-walled garden at her home in Edinburgh within Scotland.

If I find, that I have further details like photos of these extra plants from my other Website Folders, then I will insert that information (16 March 2021).

Herbaceous Perennial

Flower Colour

Flower Thumb-nail

Flowering  Months  

Form

with Flower Shape details

Height x Width in inches (cms) -

1 inch = 2.5 cms,

12 inches = 1 foot = 30 cms,

36 inches = 3 feet = 1 yard = 90 cms,

40 inches = 100 cms

Seed Head Thumbnail

Foliage Colour

Comments

Herbaceous Perennial
Use

Alpine Herbaceous Perennial if Text Background is Blue

Evergreen or Semi-Evergreen Perennial

Borago officinalis

boragocflo1officinaliswikimediacommons

36 x 12
(90 x 30)

Borage. Annual Herb on Chalk, alkaline Soil in Sun

Bocconia cordata

96 x 36
(240 x 90)

Herbaceous Rhizome on Chalk, alkaline Soil

Brunnera macrophylla 'Dawson's White'

18 x 24
(45 x 60)

Herbaceous Rhizome on Chalk, alkaline Soil in Part Shade

The Alpine Garden Society Encyclopedia of Alpines Volume One (A-K) (ISBN 0-900048-61-1) and Volume Two (L-Z) (ISBN 0-900048-62-X) superceeds The English Rock Garden (1919) by Reginald Farrer and its supplement The Present Day Rock Garden (1937) by Sampson Clay.

The above encyclopedias by the Alpine Garden Society describe 1000 genera of all alpine plants in cultivation, as well as many found in the wild but not yet in cultivation. All have rock garden or alpine house potential and the larger plants can be used in herbaceous borders. From page Viii of Volume One:-
"What is an alpine plant? Technically and from a botanical perspective alpine plants are those which grow above the tree line in mountain regions of the world in what are called subalpine and alpine zones; this includes species found at low altitudes in severe climates devoid of trees such as the Arctic and Antarctic. From a horticultural point of view, however, this definition is extended to include many other small flowering plants and ferns from low altitudes, whether from the seashore, marsh or woodland. 'Alpine' and 'rock garden' are frequently used to encompass this wide spectrum of different plants. In reality any small plant suitable for growing on the rock garden, scree, raised bed or in a trough in the open garden, as well as a great range of others more easily grown within the confines of an unheated glasshouse or cold frame, are included here within the definition of 'alpine'.

By general agreement, rock and alpine plants are thought to be small, often with a hummock, mat or tufted habit and often less than 12-15 inches (30-38 cms) tall. However, anyone who has visited a mountain region will know that not all the plants seen there necessarily fit into this handy definition; larger perennials and shrubs may sometimes be seen cheek by jowl with the hummocks and mats. A visit into any large rock garden, such as those of the well known botanic gardens at Kew and Edinburgh reveals a similar mixture and it is this larger concept that is used here. In general 24 inches (60 cms) in height and 39 inches (98 cms) spread has been taken as the maximum, but at the same time some potentially larger plants are included, for example the large yellow gentian found in the Alps and Pyrenees, Gentiana lutea, or the stately giant rhubarb of the Himalaya, Rheum nobile; both large plants but indisputably alpine."

The Alpine - Herbaceous Perennials that have Plant Descriptions in this website can be linked to in the Alpine - Herbaceous Perennial Index in each page of this Gallery.

This shows you that the Index for the Herbaceous Perennials is split into 9 sections as detailed on the Alpine / Herbaceous Perennial Index Pages:-

INDEX OF HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS FOR HERB-PERENNE GALLERY, HERBACEOUS GALLERY AND HER PER SHAPE GALLERY.
See Permanent Herbaceous Perennial Index Page for Herbaceous Perennials in the RHS MIXED BORDERS DESIGN TOPIC.
See UK Peony Index for Peony Herbaceous Perennials in PEONY GALLERY. This table below links to the comparison pages in the PEONY GALLERY.
See Diascia Photo Album page for Diascia Herbaceous Perennials in HERBACEOUS GALLERY, if the Diascia Photo Album Table of that page is not below.
There are links to 4000 x 3000 pixel Raw Camera Image photos of Herbaceous Perennials in the
Plant with Photo Index of Ivydene Gardens
Plant with Photo Index of Ivydene Gardens - 1187
A 1, 2, Photos - 43
B 1, Photos - 13
C 1, Photos - 35
D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
Photos - 411
with Plants causing damage to buildings in Chilham Village and Damage to Trees in Pavements of Funchal
E 1, Photos - 21
F 1, Photos - 1
G 1, Photos - 5
H 1, Photos - 21
I 1, Photos - 8
J 1, Photos - 1
K 1, Photos - 1
L 1, Photos - 85
with Label Problems
M 1, Photos - 9
N 1, Photos - 12
O 1, Photos - 5
P 1, Photos - 54
Q 1, Photos -
R 1, 2, 3,
Photos - 229
S 1, Photos - 111
T 1, Photos - 13
U 1, Photos - 5
V 1, Photos - 4
W 1, Photos - 100
with Work Done by Chris Garnons-Williams
X 1 Photos -
Y 1, Photos -
Z 1 Photos -
Articles/Items in Ivydene Gardens - 88
Flower Colour, Num of Petals, Shape and
Plant Use of:-
Rock Garden
within linked page
Herbaceous Perennials within the Alpine Pages from P INFILL PLANTS INDEX Gallery in the table below.
Herbaceous Perennials within the Herbaceous Perennial page of PLANTS EXTRA Topic, and
Herbaceous Perennials within the GROUNDCOVER PLANT DETAIL
Plant Selection Level 5
of PLANTS EXTRA Topic
Plant Name - A
Plant Name - B
Plant Name - C
Plant Name - D
Plant Name - E
Plant Name - F
Plant Name - G
Plant Name - H
Plant Name - I
Plant Name - J
Plant Name - K
Plant Name - L
Plant Name - M
Plant Name - N
Plant Name - O
Plant Name - P
Plant Name - Q
Plant Name - R
Plant Name - S
Plant Name - T
Plant Name - U
Plant Name - V
Plant Name - W
Plant Name - XYZ
Herbaceous Perennials within the Wildflowers in the Wild Flower Gallery
Wild Flower
with its
flower colour page,
space,
Site Map page in its flower colour NOTE Gallery
...Blue Note
...Brown Botanical Names
...Cream Common Names
...Green Note
...Mauve Note
...Multi-Cols Note
...Orange Note
...Pink A-G Note
...Pink H-Z Note
...Purple Note
...Red Note
...White A-D Note
...White E-P Note
...White Q-Z Note
...Yellow A-G Note
...Yellow H-Z Note
...Shrub/Tree Note

Section 3

PEONY GALLERY PAGES

UK Peony Index

PEONY TYPE
Herbaceous Peonies:-
...Lactiflora
...Hybrid
...Species
Tree Peonies:-
...Tree Peony Species
...Lutea Tree Peony Hybrids
...Central Plains (Suffruticosa) Tree Peony Hybrids
...Japanese Tree Peony Hybrids
...Rockii Tree Peony Hybrids
Intersectional Peonies:-
Inter-Sectional or Itoh Peonies

FLOWER COLOUR
Coral
Lavender
Multi-Colour
Orange
Other Colours
Red
Pink
White
Yellow

FLOWER FORM
Single
Japanese
Anemone
Semi-Double
Crown Form, with Semi-Rose Form and Rose (Fully Double) Form within this page
Bomb

FLOWERING PERIOD IN UK
1. Very Early Season in May
2. Early Season in early June
3. Mid-season in late June
4. Late Season in July

FLOWERING SEASONS IN UK FROM MARTIN PAGE
Very Early in April
Early in May

FLOWERING PERIOD IN FRANCE
April
May

FOLIAGE COLOUR
Green
Other Colour

USE
Fragrant Flowers
Flower Arrangers
Tree Peonies in Pots
Front of Border
Rest of Border
Hedge
Rock Garden
Suitable for Seaside / Coastal
Tree

Carsten Burkhardt's Web Project Paeonia has a Peony Database with names of peony species and cultivars from a-z with pictures of more than 3400 species & cultivars.

I have completed 50 of the peonies in this UK Peony index (35 of them with no photos and no peony description page and 10 with photos but the peony description pages have not been created yet).
I have diverted my attentions to which plants to use in what soils in the Plants topic and when I have completed the insertion of the plant names into the chalk, clay and sand pages
I will return to this gallery (9 November 2017) to complete its entries.
This might be after I have inserted and detailed all the plants to be shown in the Raw Camera Photo Galleries taken either by Chris Garnons-Williams or the slides of Ron and Christine Foord (which I am currently digitising in March 2020), whose index is shown in the table on the left under
Topic - Plant Photo Galleries
Plant with Photo Index of Ivydene Gardens

Section 4 Diascia Photo Album - this site is no longer available and the last update was on 8 February 2001 (this info was found on 2 March 2021). "I hope these pictures will help you identify the diascia you have. They are sometimes close-ups, sometimes long shots and most are scanned from photos or slides. They have been taken by my brother William or me unless otherwise credited. I aim to give a botanical description based on the writings of Hilliard & Burtt and Dr Kim Steiner in time." from Christine Boulby.
Diascia	Description
Diascia 'Acklington'	Bred by Christine Boulby. Dark red flowers. I thought I'd lost it but it survived here a winter so I gave it a name.
Diascia aliciae
Diascia anastrepta
Diascia 'Alicecap'	Cultivar bred by Dr Kim Steiner. Bushy habit, pale pink flowers over a very long period. One of the most hardy hybrids in our collection. Resistant to virus.
Diascia 'Andrew'	Cultivar bred by Hector Harrison. Upright habit, red open flowers in abundance.
Diascia 'Appleby Apricot'	Bred by Hector Harrison and one stand of it has lasted in tact for five winters here in Northumberland. One of the hardiest apricots.
Diascia austromontana
Diascia barberae
Diascia 'Bella'	Cultivar by Christine Boulby. Mid-pink flowers and long trailing habit.
Diascia 'Belmore Beauty'	Protected by Plant Breeders Rights. Variegated version of Diascia 'Ruby Field'. Foliage edged in yellow. Trailing habit, good in baskets.
Diascia 'Christabel'	Bred by Hector Harrison. Has huge pale pink flowers in profusion all summer long.
Diascia 'Coral Belle' Photo by David Fenwick	Bred by Hector Harrison and Protected by Plant Breeders Rights. The only coral coloured diascia in distribution. Orangy-red flowers atop rich deep green foliage. Looks good in hanging baskets.
Diascia cordata	Can be distinguished from other species by two distinct separate yellow windows in the throat of the flower.
Diascia 'Doreen'	Deep reddish purple flowers and a very prostrate habit. Found in my garden two years ago and named for my mum.
Diascia 'Eclat'	Seen here juxaposed against a penstemon. Lovely big red flowers. Not as long flowering as some other species
Diascia fetcaniensis	Flowers have a 'moustache' of dark glands in a straight line on the lower lobe directly under the stamens
Diascia fetcaniensis growing through a join in a retaining wall at Cragside, Rothbury	This picture included to show the determination of this species. Its stolons will penetrate the tiniest cracks and roam up to three feet.
Diascia 'Harry'	Bred by Christine Boulby and named for my husband and best friend, Harry. Lime green foliage and reddish flowers. Bushy habit.
Diascia 'Hector's Hardy'	This plant was one of Hector's first crosses and is named for him. He had had it in his garden several years before we were shown it, so it has stood the test of time. Bushy habit.
Diascia 'Helvellyn'	Pale pink flowers on nice shiny green foliage. Found by William in a garden in Barmby Moor at a house called 'Helvellyn'.
Diascia 'Iceberg'	Bred by Hector Harrison using D. integerrima 'Blush' and other plants. Has a nice neat bushy habit and lovely white flowers.
Diascia integerrima
Diascia integerrima 'Blush'	White form of Diascia integerrima. Best grown in the garden where it will populate a large area over two to three years. Flowers later in the season (July/August here). Will tolerate the driest of dry places and has survived temperatures as low as -10C here in Northumberland.
Diascia 'Jacqueline's Joy' Photo by David Fenwick	An early cultivar bred by Hector Harrison. Has lovely racemes of mauve flowers. Bushy habit. Very suitable for hanging baskets.
Diascia 'Jane'	Bred by Christine Boulby. Pale mauve/pink flowers in abundance above mid-green foliage. Prostrate habit.
Diascia 'Katherine Sharman'	We thought this plant had disappeared but it made a comeback in 2000. It is thought to be a sport of D. 'Ruby Field' and has olive green foliage edged creamy white. Not a very sturdy plant.
Diascia 'Lady Valerie'	Bred by Hector Harrison. Has lovely large pale orange flowers and grows very well in containers.
Diascia 'Lilac Belle'	Bred by Hector Harrison and introduced the same year as D. 'Lilac Belle'. Small dark green leaves with loads of little lilac flowers all summer. Good in baskets.
Diascia 'Lilac Gem'	Bred by Hector Harrison. Upright habit. Palest lilac flowers from July onwards. Hardier than most of the mauves and forms a neat clump up to 15 inches in circumference.
Diascia 'Little Dancer'	Origin unknown. Bright pink flowers on nice deep green foliage. Good in baskets.
Diascia 'Louise'	Bred by Hector Harrison. Very wide peach flowers on fresh green foliage. Upright habit. Does well as a spot plant at the front of a border.
Diascia 'Lucy' Photo by David Fenwick	Bred by Hector Harrison. Easily distinguished from other cultivars by a terminal flower on a raceme that is a buttercup-shaped flower - ie it does not have spurs or a 'throat'.Very jolly apricot flowers.Neat grower and good as spot plant in front of border.
Diascia 'Megelvar' Photo by David Fenwick	Bred by Hector Harrison. Nice apricot flowered diascia with neat habit and strong dark foliage.
Diascia mollis
Diascia patens
Diascia personata
Diascia platbergensis
Diascia 'Pink Panther'	Origin unknown. Pale baby pink flowers atop dark green foliage. Neat habit.
Diascia 'Red Ace'	Bred by Hector Harrison and protected by Plant Breeders Rights. One of the reddest flowered diascias around, and on some of the deepest green foliage it is a stunner. Survives a good deal of dryness, and ideal for baskets.
Diascia rigescens	Distinguished from other species by a yellow 'median keel' of glands on the lower lobe of the flower. This photo shows its with Cistus ladanifer. A lovely combination.
Diascia rigescens 'Anne Rennie' Photo by David Fenwick	Similar to above but flowers a slightly paler shade and carried in rather more loose racemes.
Diascia rigescens x lilacina	One of Hector's earliest crosses and given to Blooms of Bressingham. Nice mauve flowers and good foliage. Prostrate habit. Good in baskets but its a bit of a thug
Diascia 'Ruby Field'	Bred by John Kelly and introduced in 1971. Although he gave details of the cross he made to create it, we are not sure of the species he actually had due to name problems.It has nice blousy flowers on prostrate foliage and has been used in alpine beds for many years in the UK.
Diascia 'Rupert Lambert'	Bred by Rupert Lambert. Plant has upright habit and reddish flowers.
Diascia 'Salmon Supreme'	Bred by Hector Harrison. When i first saw it I was at Beth Chatto's gardens in Cambridgeshire. One of the first apricot coloured diascias to appear on the market in the UK and has been popular ever since.
Diascia 'Selina's Choice'	Bred by Hector Harrison. Plant has a very neat habit. Apricot flowers in abundance and looks great as a hanging basket.
Diascia 'Tiny Tom'	Bred by Hector Harrison.Tiny foliage and interesting pinky mauve flowers, this is one of the smallest and neatest diascias I've seen.
Diascia trials at Appleby, North Lincs	Hector's hardiness trials take place every year in his search for good garden-worthy plants.
Diascia 'Twinkle'	Bred by Hector Harrison and protected by Plant Breeders Rights. Although this diascia is one of his first successes, it remains a firm favourite of mine. Has tight purple racemes of flowers on very lush dark green foliage. Superb in hanging baskets.
Diascia vigilis
Diascia vigilis 'Jack Elliott'
Diascia 'William'	Bred by Hector Harrison and named for my brother William. Has mid-pink flowers on lush green foliage. We have lost this one, if you have it we'd love to hear from you!
Latest update 13 March 2001 of above Diascia Photo Album Christine Boulby Copyright © 2001 All rights reserved
"Their common name is twinspur, in reference to the two (usually downward-pointing) spurs to be found on the back of the flower. These help to distinguish them from the similar (and closely related) genera Alonsoa and Nemesia. The spurs contain a special oil, which is collected in the wild by certain species of bees that appear to have coevolved with the plants, as they have unusually long forelegs for collecting the oil.‪ In gardens, Diascia cultivars (mostly hybrids) have become extremely popular as colourful, floriferous, easily grown bedding plants in recent years." from Wikipedia. "Diascias are sun-loving plants, but enjoy fertile rather than dry, poor soil. The cushion-forming types can get straggly so cut them back in late April and late August to keep them compact. Hardiness can be a problem, but many will survive winter in well-drained soil. You can containerise Diascia personata, but it has to be a substantial pot to balance the height of the plant. The ruby-pink flowers are excellent with dark blue agapanthus, purple dahlias or fluffy pennisetums. At Great Dixter they use D. personata with the green and cream vertically striped grass, Miscanthus sinensis var. condensatus 'Cosmopolitan' to great effect. Graham Gough, of Marchants Plants, also uses it in his grass-led garden and he describes it as "remarkable and lofty"." from How to grow Diascia personata by Val Bourne in The Telegraph. "Diascia is a natural for containers. You can fill an entire container with one variety or use a diascia plant as your spiller, in a mixed container. Diascia also makes a lovely edging plant and will elegantly flop over sidewalks and walls or throughout rock gardens. Diascia perfers a slightly acidic soil pH. Something between 6.0 and 6.5 seems to be ideal. It’s rare to find seed for Diascia, but there are some out there. Start seeds indoors, abou 6-8 weeks before your last expected frost. In warm climates, Diascia can be direct seeded. The hybrid Diascia won’t grow true from seed. Diascia seed needs light to germinate, so just press the seed firmly on top of the soil, don’t cover it. It’s very important to keep the soil moist, since there’s nothing insulating the seed. Diascia seed should germinate within 2 weeks." from Gardening About in America.
Lazy S'S Farm Nursery in America sell Deer Resistant Plants:- "Realize, if deer are starving or in extremely high concentrations competing for food, they will eat almost anything. These Plants are their last choice. By inter-planting with these plants, especially the fragrant herbs, you make you entire garden less appealing to them! They never bother our gardens and we're convinced that it's because we work in the fragrant 'herbs' -- Yarrows, Catmints, Agastache, Etc., in every bed -- and why not - they're gorgeous and long blooming. Deer's primary defense is their sense of smell. When a garden has a lot of highly scented plants, the deer have trouble smelling predators and they realize that they are more defenseless. So use lots of fragrant herbs especially larger ones like Perovskia - Russian Sage and Nepetas that release their strong scent if the deer brush against them. Also, Deer do not like grazing extremely low, or too high. Shrubs and trees with foliage 3-5 feet or higher will be less likely to have deer damage."