Ivydene Gardens Plants: Ground-Cover Plant Name: D
The following Extra Index of Wildflowers is created in the Borage Wildflower Gallery, to which the Wildflowers found in the above list will have that row entry copied to. Having transferred the Extra Index row entry to the relevant Extra Index row for the same type of plant in a gallery below; then
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The plants normally selected by most landscapers and designers are by nature low-growing, rampant, spreading, creep-crawly things and yet the concept of ground cover demands no such thing. The ideal description of a groundcover plant includes:-
Ground Cover a thousand beautiful plants for difficult places by John Cushnie (ISBN 1 85626 326 6) provides details of plants that fulfill the above requirements. Using these groundcover plants in your planting scheme (either between your trees/shrubs in the border or for the whole border) will - with mulching your beds to a 4 inch depth and an irrigation system - provide you with a planted garden with far less time required for border maintenance. Plants for Dry Gardens by Jane Taylor. Published by Frances Lincoln Limited in 1993. ISBN 0-7112-0772-0. Jane Taylor and her husband grew plants in their garden of 2.5 acres of acidic shale mine waste on ground most of which could not retain water or nutrients and would scarcely sustain even the most tenacious of weeds.
Each ground cover plant of this 1000 has further details from her book, if it is in there. Plants for Ground-Cover by Graham Stuart Thomas. Published by J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd in 1970 - reprinted (with further revisions) in 1990. ISBN 0-460-12609-1. This gives details on many more ground cover plants with inclusion (in the Index) of figures denoting the Hardiness Zones for each species in the United States of America. |
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Plant Name Major source of honey in the UK Yes/No |
Type The key ingredients a bird needs from your garden are |
Height x Spread in inches (cms) Spacing distance between plants of same species in inches (cms) |
Foliage Some poisonous ground cover plants are indicated, but there are others in Cultivated Poisonous Plants and |
Flower Colour in Month(s). Use Pest Control using Plants to provide a Companion Plant to aid your selected groundcover plant or deter its pests |
Comments United States Department of Agriculture |
Daboecia cantabrica 'Alba' |
Evergreen Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
16 x 28 |
Mid Green |
White in |
"St Dabeoc's Heath, Irish Heath". Native to western Europe and the Azores Islands. Suitable for heather gardens, rock gardens and retaining walls. |
Daboecia cantabrica 'Atropurpurea' |
Evergreen Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
16 x 28 |
Dark Green |
Deep Purple in |
The Daboecia cantabrica cultivars require More Details can be had from Heather World as linked to in a row towards the end of this table. |
Evergreen Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
12 x 24 |
Mid-Green |
White, Pink and Beetroot-Red in |
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Daboecia cantabrica 'Praegerae' |
Deciduous Shrub below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
16 x 26 |
Mid-Green |
Deep Cerise in |
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Narcissus/ Daffodils species are of value for pollen from the single flowers. Those with double flowers or flowers that are highly modified compared with the wild type of flower are unsuitable for bees. |
Herbaceous Bulb |
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Other details about Daffodils and Narcissus in one of the final rows of this table. Daffodil, jonquil and narcissus (pets including birds and dogs, cattle, humans) are very poisonous. |
Dahlia Honey Bees collect Pollen and Nectar for all Single-flowered varities of Dahlia. Bumble bees also visit the flowers |
Herbaceous Tuber below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
18 x 18 |
Mid to Dark Green |
White, Yellow, Apricot-Yellow, Scarlet-Red, Purple and Pink in |
Single-flowered variety chosen to be most useful for bees. In the UK it best to treat these single-flowered varieties as a summer bedding plant, then lift the pots out of the ground and store in dry sand in a frost-free place until the next end of May, before plunging the pots outside again. Bee Forage Plants and UK Butterfly with Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage of Plants. |
Dahlia merckii Dahlia species |
Herbaceous Tuber 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
72 x 36 |
Mid-Green |
Purple to Pink or White in |
Single-flowered variety. |
Dahlia 'Piccolo' |
Herbaceous Tuber below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
12 x 12 |
Green |
Red, Pink, Yellow and White in |
Single-flowered variety. There are many dahlia groups, based on flower shape, e.g. cactus, pompom and decorative as can be seen in the Dahlia Gallery with its 46 dahlias. |
Dahlia |
Herbaceous Tuber below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
18 x 18 |
Nearly Black |
Bright Scarlet in |
Single-flowered variety. The ideal soil for dahlias is a rich, sandy loam containing sufficient humus to make it retentive of moisture via a mulch of leaf-mould in the autumn, which is replenished annually. |
Dahlia 'Yellow Hammer' |
Herbaceous Tuber 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
24 x 18 |
Bronze |
Yellow in |
Single-flowered variety. Use in sheltered woodland. |
Daphne acutiloba |
Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
60 x 60 |
Glossy Bright Green |
Scented White in |
Use in sheltered woodland. |
Daphne alpina |
Deciduous Alpine 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
24 x 24 |
Grey-Green |
White |
Fragrant, waxy Flowers followed by deep orange poisonous berries. There are many species of Daphne with varying degrees of toxicity. They all contain toxic compounds (daphnetoxin and mezerein) in their fruit, leaves and bark. When parts of the Daphne plant are chewed on or ingested they can cause ulceration to the mouth, oesophagus and stomach. Signs of mild to moderate poisoning include drooling, vomiting, lack of appetite and diarrhoea that may contain blood. In severe poisoning, inflammation of the kidney, irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia), seizures, coma and death can occur but are not common. The plant is generally not palatable to animals and the fruits, which have the highest concentration of toxin, are quite bitter to taste therefore deterring animals from ingesting large quantities. Since most animals leave this plant alone, we do not think it is necessary to remove Daphne plants from all gardens. However, if you notice your pet or a farm animal is inclined to chew on these shrubs or eat the berries it would be a good idea to remove them from areas that animals can access |
Daphne arbuscula |
Evergreen Alpine below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
10 x 18 |
Glossy leathery Dark Green |
Deep Pink |
Very Fragrant flowers. |
Daphne blagayana |
Evergreen Alpine below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
16 x 36 |
Dark Green |
Creamy-White |
Evergreen or semi-evergreen. Sweetly scented flowers followed by White or Pink berries. |
Evergreen Alpine below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
6 x 72 |
Dark Green above and Grey-Green beneath |
Pale to Deep Rose-Pink in |
"Garland Flower, Rose Daphne". From southern Europe. Loose, semi-prostrate habit, with trailing main shoots and dense lateral branches. The whole plant is extremely poisonous to cats, dogs and humans. |
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Daphne laureola No HB |
Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 60 |
Glossy Dark Green |
Fragrant pale Green or Yellow-Green in |
"Spurge Laurel". Use in sheltered woodland. This seeds itself generously. Its flowers are small but are most attractive in flower arrangements with all the leaves removed. Bee Forage Plants and UK Butterfly with Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage of Plants. |
Daphne longilobata |
Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
60 x 60 |
Glossy Mid-Green |
Fragrant White in |
Glossy Red Fruit. Use in sheltered woodland. |
Daphne mezereum No HB |
Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
48 x 36 |
Grey-Green |
Pink in |
"Mezereon, February Daphne". Use in sheltered woodland. Bee Forage Plants and UK Butterfly with Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage of Plants. |
Daphne odora |
Evergreen Shrub above 2 feet in height |
60 x 60 |
Glossy Deep Green |
Purple-Pink and White in |
"Winter Daphne". Red Fruit. Use in sheltered woodland. |
Daphne retusa |
Evergreen Shrub above 2 feet in height |
30 x 30 |
Glossy Dark Green |
Purple-Red outside, White within in |
Red Fruit. Use in sheltered woodland. |
Daphne tangutica |
Evergreen Shrub above 2 feet in height |
36 x 36 |
Dark Green |
Fragrant Purple-Pink in |
Use in sheltered woodland. |
Daphne x burkwoodii |
Semi-Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
60 x 36 |
Mid-Green |
Pale Pink in |
Use in sheltered woodland. |
Delphinium 'Bellemosum' Delphinium species (Larkspur) can be stunning additions to the flower bed in the summer, and the flowering period can be extended by cutting them back hard after flowering to get a second flush of flowers later in the season |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 18 |
Green |
Deep Gentian Blue in |
"Larkspur". Single-flowered variety chosen to be most useful for bees. Delphinium trial bed at Sissinghurst in September 2019. Photo by Garnons-Williams. Bee Forage Plants and UK Butterfly with Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage of Plants. Delphinium companions - Campanula, geranium, lilac, shrub roses, lupinus, lunaria, taller baptisias, thalictrum, aquilegia; the back of the border. |
Delphinium 'Blue Bees' |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
48 x 18 |
Green |
Clear Bluein |
Single-flowered variety. For delphiniums, choose an open site away from shrubs, trees and walls and interplant small groups of 2 or 3 delphiniums with later-flowering phlox and dahlias. To complement delphinium colours, plant with herbaceous perennials such as yellow thalictrums or purple salvias, alstroemerias, or, for a structural contrast too, drifts of flat-topped achilleas - for example these butter-yellow achillea millefoilium 'Taygetea'. |
Delphinium 'Casa Blanca' |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 18 |
Green |
White in |
Single-flowered variety. Delphiniums like a sunny site and a deep, highly enriched and well-drained friable loam, and need ample water in hot dry weather. If flower stalks are cut down as soon as they have bloomed, a second crop of bloom will be obtained in early autumn. |
Delphinium 'Cliveden Beauty' |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
48 x 18 |
Green |
Sky-Blue in |
Single-flowered variety. |
Delphinium 'Moerheimii' |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 18 |
Green |
White in |
Single-flowered variety. |
Delphinium 'Piccolo' |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
48 x 18 |
Green |
Bright Gentian-Blue in |
Single-flowered variety. |
Desfontainia spinosa |
Evergreen Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
72 x 72 |
Glossy Dark Green |
Yellow-tipped Red in |
From Andes of South America. |
Deutzia gracilis |
Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 36 |
Bright Green |
Fragrant White in |
Deutzia require a good loam soil, plenty of moisture and will grow in part shade. When the blooms fade, remove any old worn-out or overcrowded shoots. Do not shorten the remaining stems or you will lose the flowers. |
Deutzia x kalmiiflora |
Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
48 x 48 |
Dark Green in Spring and Summer, Purple in Autumn |
White in |
Photo of Deutzia scabra 'Pride of Rochester' taken by Foord in July 1978 to show you the form and density of deutzia flowering. |
Deutzia |
Deciduous Shrub 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
48 x 48 |
Dark Green |
Pinkish-Purple in |
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Dianthus 'Doris' |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
12 x 6 |
Grey-Green |
Scented Pale Pink in |
"Pinks" grow best in well-drained soil, preferably limy, in full sun The small species are best on the rock garden and all are very fragrant. |
Herbaceous Alpine below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
2 x 26 |
Mid-Green |
Pink |
"Hedgehog Pink". Forms a dense cushion that looks a bit like a hedgehog, with thin leaves and star-like flowers. Dianthus companions - Stachys byzantina, roses, erigeron karvinskianus, diascia, and over-the-wall floppers. |
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Dianthus gratiano-politanus |
Herbaceous Alpine below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
6 x 16 |
Grey-Green |
Deep Pink |
"Cheddar Pink". Very fragrant flowers. Mat-forming and long-lived. |
Dianthus |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
12 x 6 |
Blue-Grey |
Scented Pink in |
One of the best old-fashioned pinks. |
Dianthus |
Evergreen Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
12 x 6 |
Dark Green |
Pale Pink in |
An old, fragrant white double - often raised from seed. |
Dianthus deltoides |
Herbaceous Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
8 x 12 |
Blue Green grasslike leaves |
White, Deep Pink or Red in |
"Maiden Pink". Self-sows, long-blooming, Mat-forming. |
Diascia rigescens |
Herbaceous Perennial below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
12 x 20 |
Dark Green |
Mid to Deep Pink in |
May be very specialized for garden situation. Robust and vigorous. Diascia companions - Silver-foliaged plants such as artemisia (less aggressive forms), lavender and blue campanulas, viola cornuta and other violas, gaura, geranium. Try them with Scabiosa 'Butterfly Blue' for all-summer flowers. See Diascia Photo Album for other diascias. |
Dicentra spectabilis |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
30 x 20 |
Mid-Green |
Pinkish-Red and White in |
"Common Bleeding Heart, Dutchman's Breeches" dies down by mid-summer to be an effective ground-cover in areas with hot summers, but its foliage lasts longer in moist, cool growing conditions. Associate to create a contrast with the yellow-green flower-heads of spurge Euphorbia polychroma. |
Dicentra spectablis 'Alba' |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
24 x 24 |
Light Green |
White in |
Good cut flower. |
Digitalis laevigata |
Herbaceous Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 18 |
Mid-Green |
Brown-Yellow in |
"Foxglove". Do not try to grow with Hollyhocks. Digitalis companions - dicentra, hosta, ferns, aruncus, cimicifuga, iris, astilbe, paeonia, aquilegia. |
Dionysia involucrata |
Evergreen Alpine below 24 inches (60 cms) in height |
3 x 4 |
Dark Green |
Violet or Violet-Purple |
Forms a tight cushion with large, rosy pink, red-centred flowers |
Disporum hookeri |
Deciduous Rhizome Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 18 |
Bright Green |
Greenish-Cream in |
Orange-Red Berries and This is from forest clearings in northwest North America. Disporum companions - hosta, astilbe, ferns, trillium, astrantia, paris, helleborus orientalis, helleborus argutifolius 'Janet Starnes' with disporum sessile 'Variegatum' |
Doronicum austriacum Doronicum species |
Deciduous Rhizome Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
48 x 48 |
Dark Green |
Yellow in |
"Leopard's Bane". Daisy-like flowers that are good for cutting. |
Doronicum pardalianches |
Deciduous Rhizome Perennial 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 24 |
Dark Green |
Light Yellow in |
"Great Leopard's Bane". Ideal for naturalizing in open woodland. From woods in western and central Europe, naturalized in Great Britain. Doronicum companions - spring bulbs, primula, brunnera, pulmonaria, hosta, viola, myosotis, dicentra, milium effusum 'Ayreum' |
Dryopteris affinis |
Evergreen Fern 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 36 |
Pale Green, Dark Green when mature |
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"Golden Male Fern". Good where a large fern is required as background in dry shade Dryopteris ferns are not used to cover large areas but to accent or complete a landscape. They are best in natural or native gardens. See further details and photos in Fern Nursery page and Fern Gallery. |
Dryopteris carthusiana |
Deciduous Fern 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
24 x 12 |
Pale Green and finely cut |
... |
"Narrow Buckler Fern" is a Spreader / creeper. |
Deciduous Fern 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
24 x 15 |
Copper-Red when young, turning shiny dark Green |
... |
"Autumn Fern". Grows in woodland in northeast Asia.
See further details and photos in Fern Nursery page and Fern Gallery. |
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Deciduous Fern 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 36 |
Mid-Green |
... |
"Male Fern" forms clumps. Grows in woodland and more open habitats in Europe, Western Asia, and North America, and is the most common British native fern.
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Deciduous Fern 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) in height |
36 x 30 |
Dark Green but Yellow-Green when young |
... |
"Wallich's Wood Fern". Creates an eye-catching effect. See further details and photos in Fern Nursery page and Fern Gallery. |
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Site design and content copyright ©December 2006. Page structure changed September 2012. Height x Spread in feet changed to Height x Spread in inches (cms) May 2015. Data added to existing pages December 2017. Zone and Companion Data added April 2022. The 1000 Ground Cover plants detailed above will be compared in the Comparison Pages of the Wildflower Shape Gallery and in the flower colour per month comparison pages of Evergreen Perennial Gallery starting in November 2022. Chris Garnons-Williams. DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site. Height in inches (cms):- 25.4mm = 1 inch I normally round this to Details of smaller Daphne, Dianthus, Dionysia and Disporum and which container to grow the plant in:-
I have included within these pages on 1000 Ground Cover Plants information from other pages within this PLANTS Topic like
and links to Rock Garden Plants Suitable for Small Gardens Index Gallery. Any of these 1000 Ground Cover Plants may well have further details about them in the remainder of the pages in this PLANTS Topic linked to from the PLANTS PAGE MENU above. |
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Welcome to Heather World Heather World extends a very warm welcome to everyone entering the world of heathers, especially to newcomers who have recently developed an interest in these attractive shrubs. The four heathers groups, Andromeda, Calluna, Daboecia and Erica are shown in the cultivar lists, together with images of many. Every aspect of heathers, from the wild heathers of European heaths and moorlands to the rare and unusual splendours of South African or “Cape” heaths can be seen here. Cultivation tips, including choosing, growing and propagating heathers, to scientific studies and nomenclature, are available. Here is the Publications published by The Heather Society. The website was also home to the old Heather Society, a group of heather enthusiasts who were dedicated to enhancing the interest in heathers to the world. The society closed at the end of 2020, but their Yearbooks and Newsletters can be viewed here. |
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Light Sandy Soil is usually fairly infertile, and it also dries out quickly. In such cases, use drought-tolerant plants, such as ones that grow in dry soil conditions (see plants in the Dry section of the Moisture column of the soil type, aspect and moisture list page) and also do the following actions, since any nutrients in the soil are usually washed out very quickly. Acid soil is most common in places that experience heavy rainfall and have moister environments. Areas in red have acidic soil, areas in yellow are neutral and areas in blue have alkaline soil in the World Map. Find Me Plants has further details on other plants for acidic soils, when you set Soil Type in Part 1: Surveying the planting area to Sandy/Gritty, or Light Sand or Stony/Sub-Soil. Action to assist in Light Sandy soil maintenance:-
Gardening in Sandy Soil by C.L. Fornari. A very useful book and one you can have on a Kindle in December 2017. A Storey Country Wisdom Bulletin with this Index:-
Action to assist in other soil types in:-
The following is from "A land of Soil, Milk and Honey" by Bernard Jarman in Star & Furrow Issue 122 January 2015 - Journal of the Biodynamic Association;_ "Soil is created in the first place through the activity of countlesss micro-organisms, earthworms and especially the garden worm (Lumbricus terrestris). This species is noticeably active in the period immediately before and immediately after mid-winter. In December we find it (in the UK) drawing large numbers of autumn leaves down into the soil. Worms consume all kinds of plant material along with sand and mineral substances. In form, they live as a pure digestive tract. The worm casts excreted from their bodies form the basis of a well-structured soil with an increased level of available plant nutrients:-
Worms also burrow to great depths and open up the soil for air and water to penetrate, increasing the scope of a fertile soil. After the earthworm, the most important helper of the biodynamic farmer is undoubetdly
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Plant Combinations for Sandy Soil Action to assist in Light Sandy soil maintenance is given in the row above and this is required annually. |
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Sun lovers - You can achieve a design with grey-leaved plants, interspersed with smaller or larger groups of taller perennials and a single shrub. Because the grey-leaved plants predominate they are used as a basis, with suggestions for plants which can be combined with them. Grey Foliage with white and yellow flowers and plants that combine with these |
all have grey leaves and either white, yellow or inconspicuous flowers. If the above plants are planted together; the effect of different heights and size of leaf will be rather messy and unclear. Plant the above as the background ground cover and the ones in the next column within that background. |
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The above comes from Ground Cover. How to use flowering and foliage plants to cover areas of soil by Mineke Kurpershoek. Published by Rebo Productions Ltd in 1997. ISBN 1 901094 41 3 |
Contents
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Narcissus has both Daffodils and Narcissi:-
"It would not perhaps be out of place here to mention one way in which Sir J.L. Cotter utilised both Daffodils and Tulips, where a spring show of bloom and a summer one as well had to be maintained, and at the same time an eye on economy. In front of a house where Sir Cotter resided some years ago, there were several large beds which always caused a considerable amount of difficulty, and no little expense, to keep in constant or nearly continuous bloom. Finally he hit on the plan of planting them out with dwarf polyantha roses, one variety to a bed, 9 inches (23 cms) apart, and in the intervening spaces Daffodils or Tulips , chosen so that all the beds were in flower, the roses were pruned so closely to the ground as to be quite unnoticeable. Afterwards, when the bulbs were over, the roses had attained their full size of 12 inches (30 cms) or more, and closely covering the beds with their foliage, completely hid the dying leaves of the bulbs. The beds are in bloom for practically the whole season. There is a vast economy in labour." from The Culture of Bulbs, Bulbous Plants and Tubers Made Plain by Sir J. L. Cotter. Published by Hutchinson & Co. "Daffodils, unlike Tulips, appear to thrive year after year on the same ground, though where ground which has been occupied by a different subject is available, he prefers it. His own system when he grew bulbs commercially was to alternate Daffodils and Tulips for 3 years, then move both of them to completely fresh ground, preferably that which had been under vegetables; here they again remained for another 3 years, shifting backwards and forwards every 3 years." R.V. Roger did a 7 year rotation system, so that the same type of plant did not occupy the same position until 8 years later - roses put a chemical in the ground to kill off new roses, which lasts for 7 years. Other plants have similar defense systems. |
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Dry Garden Maintenance Everything starts with the soil, and dry gardening is no exception. In sandy or gravelly, fast-draining soils organic matter helps to retain moisture; while in dense clay, which often lies wet in winter but sets concrete-hard and cracks open in summer drought, organic matter helps to open the soil, making it more friable, better drained in winter and more moisture-retentive in summer. |
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Soils in arid zones - whether dense, or fast-draining sand or gravel - are often very low in organic matter. Worse still, they may be excessively alkaline or saline, or both, or sodic, when soils becomes pasty and impervious to air and water. Sodic (of, relating to, or containing sodium) soils can be improved by adding gypsum (calcium sulfate). Add sulphur of iron to high-calcium soils, including caliche. Caliche or coffee rock is the name given to the impenetrable hardpan, a layer of cement-hard calcium, as much as 80 inches (200 cms) thick, lying beneath a thin layer of topsoil in some calcareous soils (Caliche is a sedimentary rock, a hardened natural cement of calcium carbonate that binds other materials - such as gravel, sand, clay and silt). (Sandy, acid soils also sometimes have their own hardpan of accumulated salts). The roots are unable to penetrate to search for moisture and nutrients, while irrigation water cannot drain away, leaving standing water about the roots and causing still further accumulation of salts. It is essential to break up the hardpan, or at the very least to excavate the largest planting holes you can manage, breaking up the caliche enough to ensure irrigation water does not lie stagnant. Another type of hardpan is sometimes found in soils that have been long cultivated to the same depth with a plough, causing an accumulation of salts on the unbroken subsoil, exacerbated perhaps by the subsoil becoming compacted. This can usually be cured by deep cultivation with a ripper plough, or on a small scale, with a pickaxe. This will help deep-rooting plants to search for moisture in the lower soil levels, and help to improve the drainage. Then, Once the above hardpan is broken up, it is time to mulch with 11 inches (28cms) of a made up soil with its sand, clay, bacterium and humus (Organic Polymers) as shown in the figure below. Using the burgundy colour typing components, you could create the following soil mix:-
"The mix to change clay soil into a friable useful soil in less than 4 months for the above domestic garden problem was in royal blue colour typing. Using the burgundy colour typing components, you could create the following soil mix to cover these hardpan areas:
If water with 150 kgs of clay was first added to the Concrete TruckMixer and then the required volume of cullet followed by the required volume of waste plasterboard, the mixture is then mixed for an hour. If the cullet/waste plasterboard mixture is passed through the poultry houses to mix with the poultry litter on the litter floor before being collected into the next Concrete TruckMixer, then the houses would be cleaner and smell less. The required volume of waste from beer making could replace the Peat above and the requisite Sulphate of Iron and Sulphate of Potash could be added to the Concrete TruckMixer before that mixture from the Poultry Farm litter floor is added. That soil mixture could then be mixed for 30 minutes before applying it to the hardpan areas to an 11 inch (27.5 cms) depth. The resulting mixture would then integrate with the clay and create a deep topsoil within 3 months. This mixture would also be suitable for hardpan of sand, since there is clay in the mixture made. All the requirements for a soil as shown in the figure above would then have mixed together and time will increase the bacteria and get a new soil structure created. The following type of turf could then be laid over the proposed lawn areas a fortnight later:- RTF (Rhizomatous Tall Fescue), bred by Barenbrug Research USA, produces rhizomes (an underground stem) that send a shoot up to the soil surface while extending new roots downwards. In fact, RTF can root to 1.5 metres deep giving it a chance to tap into water reserves that normal lawn turf cannot reach. Within 3 years the lawn would have got through the respective hardpan and further broken that up. |
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There is other compostable waste that could be used in the above mixture - The following is from a farmer who runs Riverford Organic Farmers who deliver weekly boxes of vegetables, meat etc from their farms to the homes of members of the public in Britain in his weekly epistle dated Monday 4th December 2017:- "So why now, in my 57th year, have I seen the light?
So, I have seen the errors of my youth and come inside. Milan tells me we have only just started. It is shocking how much compostable material is wasted at such cost to our environment:
The reasons are:-
Time is running out; we cannot afford 100% safety when environmental destruction is 95% certain if we continue on our current path."
If the above waste was turned into compost that would last as a mulch like spent mushroom compost, which lasts for 2-3 years with 25-35% loss replenishment each year in the autumn, then it could be sold to the above home owners in bags to put alongside their hedges, in planted pots and in the flower beds throughout the year. For these hardpan areas, the compost could be mixed with water and sprayed over the hardpan areas every 2 months to help prevent the wind and sun from drying out the soil.
If you cannot be bothered to buy the commercially produced soil conditioner and collect your own seaweed to be harvested from beaches, then the following could still provide these other benefits in the same time slots as in above paragraph:- |
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From Annuals and Biennials chapter in Plants for Ground-cover by Graham Stuart Thomas - Gardens consultant to the National Trust. Published by J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd in 1970, Reprinted (with further revisions) 1990. ISBN 0-460-12609-1:- "I think there is a case to be considered for annuals and biennials in ground-cover schemes so long as they will sow themselves freely. |
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Use |
Plant |
Comments |
Lawn and ground-cover under conifer trees |
Poa annua |
The needles under a cedar tree were weekly swept away and the grass, despite fertilizers, top dressing, re-seading and re-turfing, simply would not grow. The needles were left alone and within 12 months the area became self-sown with a close and permanent sward of Poa nnua. This little grass regenerates itself constantly so that it makes a lawn, though each plant has only a short life. |
Oxalis rosea |
This is highly successful in the shade of conifers or any other tree |
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Cyclamen hederifolium |
This is a perennial, though sowing itself freely when suited and it is here because plants to grow under cedars and yews, somewhat away from the trunks, are very few. |
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Temporary ground-cover under trees |
Tropaeolum or Eschscholtzia |
A sheet of 'Gleam' nasturtiums or eschscholtzia; both are free-flowering and easily pulled up, though like all annuals it may be a year or two later before all dispersed seeds have germinated. Silene armeria and Iberis amara are equally successful, with Sett Alyssum (Lobularia maritima) creating a dwarf ground-cover carpet in late summer. |
Ground-cover under trees with high rainfall |
Claytonia sibirica (Montia sibirica) |
This grows under trees where the grass is thin at high altitude and high rainfall. It covers the area - interpersed with primroses and Oxalia acetosella - with a mass of pinky-white stars a few inches (cms) above the ground. Claytonia perfoliata is an annual; it is usually classed as a weed but is excellent cover in cool, acid soil, but far less conspicuous in flower |
Streamsides, river banks and fringes of boggy ground |
Impatiens glandulifera (Impatiens roylei, Annual Balsam) |
It is a rapid colonizer because its seeds are ejected with some force from the ripe pods. It seeds with great abandon and grows to 72 (180) or more; its many pink flowers make a great show. |
Full sun and drier soils than by streamsides |
Angelica archangelica |
It very quickly produces great green heads in spring, ripening quickly, with the result that the ground is thickly covered with seedlings in late summer. Oenothera biennis (Evening Primrose) will colonize any sunny waste place and produce yellow blooms for weeks in the summer Lychnis coronaria is a prolific seeder with rosettes of silvery basal leaves. Erysimum linifolium (Wallflower) produces lilac flowers |
Plants that seed about with abandon |
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From Appendix II Lists of plants for special conditions in Plants for Ground-cover by Graham Stuart Thomas - Gardens consultant to the National Trust. Published by J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd in 1970, Reprinted (with further revisions) 1990. ISBN 0-460-12609-1:- |
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Plant |
Plant |
Plant |
1. Plants requiring lime-free soils
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Arctostaphylos. |
Erica. |
Philesia. |
2. Plants which will thrive in limy soils
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Acaena. |
Cotula. |
Paeonia. |
3. Plants which tolerate clay.
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Acanthus. |
Euonymus fortunei. |
Rodgersia. |
4. Plants which will grow satisfactorily in dry, shady places. Apart from ill-drained clay, this combination of conditions is the most difficult to cope with in the garden. * indicates those which will not tolerate lime. |
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Alchemilla conjuncta. |
Fragaria. |
Reynoutria. |
5. Plants which thrive on moist soils. Genera marked * are suitable for boggy positions. |
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Ajuga. |
Cornus stolonifera. |
*Onoclea. |
6. Plants which grow well in shady positions. The bulk of these are woodland plants, growing well under shrubs and trees, but those marked * are not so satisfactory under trees, though thriving in the shade given by buildings. For those requiring lime-free soil, compare with List 1. |
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Adiantum. |
Carex. |
Epigaea. |
Helxine. |
Onoclea. |
Shortia. |
7. Plants which will thrive in hot, sunny places on dry soils. Those marked * require lime-free soil. |
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Acaena. |
Dimorphotheca. |
Lychnis coronaria. |
8. Plants which thrive in maritime districts. Many of the following will stand wind and salt-spray, particularly those marked *. Those marked ** will provide shelter for others and shelter is highly important in seaside gardening. For genera requiring, lime-free soil, compare with List 1. |
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Acaena. |
Aubretia. |
Ceanothus. |
*Genista. |
Pulsatilla. |
*Sedum. |
9. Plants which create barriers. The following by their dense or prickly character will deter small animals and human beings as well as weeds. |
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Arundinaria anceps. |
Mahonia japonica. |
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10. Plants for town gardens. Genera marked * prefer acid soil; those marked £ will thrive in impoverished soils. Soil in towns is usually deficient in humus. |
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£Acanthus. |
Euonymus. |
Ribes. |
EXPLAINATION OF WHY SOIL IN UK TOWNS IS USUALLY DEFICIENT IN HUMUS.
Humus is dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays.
The humus provides the organic polymers to interact with the clay domains and bacterium to stick the 2 grains of sand together. This soil molecule of 2 grains of sand, organic polymers, clay domains and bacterium will disintegrate by the action of the bacterium or fungal enymatic catalysis on the organic polymers. So if a continuous supply of humus is not present, then the soil molecules will break up into sand and clay. |
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Cultural Needs of Plants "Understanding Fern Needs
Only Earthworms provide the tunnels which transport water, gas and nutrients to and from roots. When the roots of the plant requires the mineral nutrients dissolved in soil water, oxygen and nitrogen intake and waste gases output, it gets it through the action of the earthworm continously making tunnels to provide the transport system. |
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11. Plants suitable for covering rose-beds. The following are all small plants that will not be strong-growing for the purpose, and will help to make the beds more attractive during the 7 months when Hybrid Teas and Floribundas are not in flower. Small spring-flowering bulbs can be grown through them. The more vigorous shrub roses will tolerate many others among the shorter growing plants in this 1000 ground cover table. |
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Acaena. |
Cardamine trifolia. |
Primula auricula. |
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Look for:- |
There are 180 families in the Wildflowers of the UK and they have been split up into 22 Galleries to allow space for up to 100 plants per gallery. Each plant named in each of the Wildflower Family Pages may have a link to:- its Plant Description Page in its Common Name in one of those Wildflower Plant Galleries and will have links to external sites to purchase the plant or seed in its Botanical Name, to see photos in its Flowering Months and to read habitat details in its Habitat Column. |
It is worth remembering that especially with roses that the colour of the petals of the flower may change - The following photos are of Rosa 'Lincolnshire Poacher' which I took on the same day in R.V. Roger's Nursery Field:- |
Closed Bud |
Opening Bud |
Juvenile Flower |
Older Juvenile Flower |
Middle-aged Flower - Flower Colour in Season in its |
Mature Flower |
Juvenile Flower and Dying Flower |
Form of Rose Bush |
There are 720 roses in the Rose Galleries; many of which have the above series of pictures in their respective Rose Description Page. So one might avoid the disappointment that the 2 elephants had when their trunks were entwined instead of them each carrying their trunk using their own trunk, and your disappointment of buying a rose to discover that the colour you bought it for is only the case when it has its juvenile flowers; if you look at all the photos of the roses in the respective Rose Description Page!!!! |
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Plant Selection by Flower Colour |
Blue Flowers |
Other Colour Flowers |
Red Flowers |
White Flowers |
Yellow Flowers |
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Fragrant Plants adds the use of another of your 5 senses in your garden:- |
Flower Perfume Group:- |
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Click on Black or White box in Colour of Month. |
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I have updated the plant type and plant use for the Evergreen Perennials by February 2023,
followed by continuing to insert all the plants with flowers from Camera Photo Galleries as indicated by I will continue to insert all the plants planted in chalk as indicated by then the following plants shall be added from
finally - I am inserting these from February 2023, I will continue to insert all the plants |
The following is from the current Site Map of Evergr Perenn Gallery in October 2023:- 104 from the 1000 Ground Cover Plants (up to Aster novi-belgii in Plant Selection Level 5 Plant Name - A Index page of Plants Topic) as indicated by
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Collins Aura Garden Handbooks Trees for Small Gardens by Susan Conder. Published by William Collins Sons & Co Ltd in 1988.
On page 23 it has diagrams showing how to remove a large limb. The fourth diagram is incorrect and below is why - you should leave the branch collar on the tree instead of cutting it off. In the centre of each trunk and branch there is a section of nerves used by the tree to get information from all of its branches and trunk and then sending replies of what to do about it. You could say that the Branch Collar is like a junction box, where you cut off after it but not before; otherwise the tree still thinks that branch is still there and then will make invalid decisions. These nerve fibres are the last item in the branches/trunk that rot away. Branch Collar Most gardens of new houses in England in 2023 are too small for trees, and I would recommend using top fruit and soft fruit trained onto the boundaries. If you add a chainlink fence, then you will have plenty of places to tie cordons, espaliers, fans and blackberries. If you want trees, then you can follow their method of putting them into containers as shown on pages 18 and 19, or train the trees as a a 80 (200cm) high hedge and allow 36 inches (90) from the boundary to the lawn for the hedge to grow in with bulbs and mulch between the lawn and the hedge. |
This table was copied from Case Studies Pages Case
3 - Drive Foundations What are the Soil Nutrients besides What types of organisms are found in the soil? and What Pysical changes occur in Soil because of weather? and what Chemical changes occur in Soil because of weather? leading to This leads to an 3b Pre-Building Work for Builders to treat polluted soil using phyto-remediation plants. Then, they could follow my following Suggested Action Plan for Builders after they have built their houses:-
And finally on the same day pour a depth of 11 inches (27.5 cms) depth of the builders soil mixture detailed below onto the remainder of the new garden areas and alongside the Instant Hedging.
A fortnight later the following type of turf containing RTF (Rhizomatous Tall Fescue), bred by Barenbrug Research USA, could be laid over the proposed lawn areas. The roots of that grass will reach the clay below and stabilise the new builders soil mix, before the proposed owners view the property a month later. The builders soil mix should within 3 months become roughly the same proportion of clay, silt and sand which is within a Sandy Clay Loam to create a sweet spot for growing plants as shown on How is material lost from the soil? Page, since it will mix with the clay below.
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Design Cases When designing a garden, it is vital to know who and for how long the resulting designed and landscaped garden is going to be maintained by. The book 'The One Hour Garden' describes what maintenance work can be done in the time that you have allotted; and therefore what besides a lawn, you can have in your garden. My redesign and construction work to be done on my 3 gardens - as shown by Case 2 - must be to reduce the maintenance time required to the time I have available. If the gardens are first weeded, pruned, mulched, mown and bare earth converted to lawns using grass seed, then construction can take place in the future - as free time allows during a week or fortnight after the maintenance has been done. In Case 4, the combination of the Structural and Planting Designs would create a garden that I would be able to maintain in one day a fortnight. I would install a 3" deep mulch in the spring on the beds, so that I can prune the shrubs/trees and hoe the odd weed; whilst the father mows the lawns, the mother tends the vegetable garden and their teenage daughters play football!! The children in Case 5 loved to look at creepy-crawlies and wildlife, so that together with low-cost the design for different areas in a terrace house garden was created.
Construction Cases Case 3 is building a drive on clay and it is important to get the part you will not see - the foundations - done correctly. Case 8 is creating a pond with its pitfalls for foundations.
Maintenance Cases If you are asking someone to maintain your garden, then do provide the complete picture. If as in Case 1, you intend to sell the property, then look at this - as not a maintenance but as a selling job - and get that job done instead. Case 6 is creating a vegetable garden in a back garden during the maintenance program of one day a fortnight to maintain it and the remainder of the back and front gardens. This was done over 7 years using a crop rotation system Concrete ponds are likely to crack open due to movement in the ground levels due to being in clay or vibration caused by road traffic if it is fairly close. Case 7 shows no planting shelves for the pond plants. |
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Section below on Problems for Houseowners and Builders when the new home is surrounded by clay and how to solve them. |
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Problems for Houseowners and Builders when the new home is surrounded clay and how to solve them. 8 problems caused by clay:-
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Builders do sell the original topsoil including
where the new building and its garden areas are to be built. The consolidated parent material (bedrock) is usually sand, chalk or clay with flint possibly. At the end of building; the builders rubble is covered with possibly only a 2 inch (5 cms) depth of imported topsoil, which might be the washings from the sugar beet in the sugar industry. This is covered with turf and the unsuspecting public is offered the result. As likely as not one of their gardens slopes towards the house and even with the modern depth of foundation wall, there is no guarantee that subsidence will not occur.
If every garden of a new house had a 12 inch depth of soil removed from its new garden area, then at the end of the building work, the Aquadyne Drainage System would be laid round the entire boundary. Next to it then plant the relevant Instant Hedge on the non-house wall sides to absorb the rainwater collected by that drainage system The mix to change clay soil into a friable useful soil in less than 4 months for the above domestic garden problem was in royal blue colour typing. Using the burgundy colour typing components, the builder could create the following soil mix for his gardens:
If water with 150 kgs of clay was first added to the Concrete TruckMixer and then the required volume of cullet followed by the required volume of waste plasterboard, the mixture is then mixed for an hour. If the cullet/waste plasterboard mixture is passed through the poultry houses to mix with the poultry litter on the litter floor before being collected into the next Concrete TruckMixer, then the houses would be cleaner and smell less. The required volume of waste from beer making could replace the Peat above and the requisite Sulphate of Iron and Sulphate of Potash could be added to the Concrete TruckMixer before that mixture from the Poultry Farm litter floor is added. That soil mixture could then be mixed for 30 minutes before applying it to the garden areas of the new houses built by the builder to an 11 inch (27.5 cms) depth. The resulting mixture would then integrate with the clay and create a deep topsoil within 3 months. All the requirements for a soil as shown in the figure above would then have mixed together and time will increase the bacteria and get a new soil structure created. The following type of turf could then be laid over the proposed lawn areas a fortnight later:- RTF (Rhizomatous Tall Fescue), bred by Barenbrug Research USA, produces rhizomes (an underground stem) that send a shoot up to the soil surface while extending new roots downwards. In fact, RTF can root to 1.5 metres deep giving it a chance to tap into water reserves that normal lawn turf cannot reach. |
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There is other compostable waste that could be used in the above mixture - The following is from a farmer who runs Riverford Organic Farmers who deliver weekly boxes of vegetables, meat etc from their farms to the homes of members of the public in Britain in his weekly epistle dated Monday 4th December 2017:- |
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"So why now, in my 57th year, have I seen the light?
So, I have seen the errors of my youth and come inside. Milan tells me we have only just started. It is shocking how much compostable material is wasted at such cost to our environment:
The reasons are:-
Time is running out; we cannot afford 100% safety when environmental destruction is 95% certain if we continue on our current path."
If the above waste was turned into compost that would last as a mulch like spent mushroom compost, which lasts for 2-3 years with 25-35% loss replenishment each year in the autumn, then it could be sold to the above home owners in bags to put alongside their hedges, in planted pots and in the flower beds throughout the year.
If you cannot be bothered to buy the commercially produced soil conditioner and collect your own seaweed to be harvested from beaches, then the following could still provide these other benefits in the same time slots as in above paragraph:- |
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China sells a lot of seaweed. The Cornish Seaweed Company sells edible Cornish Seaweed and The following is from No Dig Vegetable Garden Website:-
What's the best way to use seaweed on the garden?
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Finally, we should not forget about Noise Reduction for the new residents of the estate just built. See last row in the midlle table for further details. Nor should we forget about the changes required for the infrastructure (see Pre-Building Work for Builders with Polluted Soil Page) . |
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PLANTS PAGE PLANT USE Ground-cover Height Poisonous Cultivated and UK Wildflower Plants with Photos
Following parts of Level 2a, Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines Page for those photo galleries with Photos (of either ones I have taken myself or others which have been loaned only for use on this website from external sources) To see what plants that I have described in this website see THE 2 EUREKA EFFECT PAGES FOR UNDERSTANDING SOIL AND HOW PLANTS INTERACT WITH IT OUT OF 10,000:-
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Plant Selection by Plant Requirements
Photos - with its link; provides a link to its respective Plant Photo Gallery in this website to provide comparison photos. ------------ Ground-cover Height |
REFINING SELECTION Plant Selection by Flower Shape Plant Selection by Foliage Colour
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The following details come from Cactus Art:- "A flower is the the complex sexual reproductive structure of Angiosperms, typically consisting of an axis bearing perianth parts, androecium (male) and gynoecium (female). Bisexual flower show four distinctive parts arranged in rings inside each other which are technically modified leaves: Sepal, petal, stamen & pistil. This flower is referred to as complete (with all four parts) and perfect (with "male" stamens and "female" pistil). The ovary ripens into a fruit and the ovules inside develop into seeds. Incomplete flowers are lacking one or more of the four main parts. Imperfect (unisexual) flowers contain a pistil or stamens, but not both. The colourful parts of a flower and its scent attract pollinators and guide them to the nectary, usually at the base of the flower tube.
Androecium (male Parts or stamens) Gynoecium (female Parts or carpels or pistil)
It is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary. Each pistil is constructed of one to many rolled leaflike structures.
The following details come from Nectary Genomics:- NECTARIES. An organ known as the floral nectary is responsible for producing the complex mixture of compounds found in nectar. Nectaries can occur in different areas of flowers, and often take on diverse forms in different species, even to the point of being used for taxonomic purposes. Nectaries undergo remarkable morphological and metabolic changes during the course of floral development. For example, it is known that pre-secretory nectaries in a number of species accumulate large amounts of starch, which is followed by a rapid degradation of amyloplast granules just prior to anthesis and nectar secretion. These sugars presumably serve as a source of nectar carbohydrate. WHY STUDY NECTAR? Nearly one-third of all worldwide crops are dependent on animals to achieve efficient pollination. In addition, U.S. pollinator-dependent crops have been estimated to have an annual value of up to $15 billion. Many crop species are largely self-incompatible (not self-fertile) and rely almost entirely on animal pollinators to achieve full fecundity; poor pollinator visitation has been reported to reduce yields of certain species by up to 50%." The following details about DOUBLE FLOWERS comes from Wikipedia:- There is further photographic, diagramatic and text about Double Flowers from an education department - dept.ca.uky.edu - in the University of Kentucky in America. "Meet the plant hunter obsessed with double-flowering blooms" - an article from The Telegraph. |
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Top ten plants that are bad for bees from Countryfile Magazine "Lavender, alliums, fuschias, sweet peas - keen gardeners know the very best flowers to entice bees to their gardens. But what about plants that are bad for bees? Here is our expert guide to the top ten plants that you should avoid to keep bees happy and buzzing, plus the perfect alternatives. 1. Rhododendron 2. Azalea 3. Trumpet flower, or angel’s trumpet (Brugmansia suaveolens) 4. Oleander (Nerium oleander) 5. Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) 6. Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) 7. Stargazer lily (Lilium 'Stargazer') 8. Heliconia Exotic and interesting, heliconia, or lobster-claws as its sometimes called, is very toxic to bees. You should not prune your heliconias, as the 'stem' is actually made up of rolled leaf bases and the flowers emerge from the top of these 'pseudostems'. However, each stem will only flower once, so after flowering you can cut that stem out. This is recommended, to encourage more flowering, to increase airflow in between the stems of your plant, and also to generally tidy it up and improve the appearance. 9. Bog rosemary (Andromeda polifolia - 10. Amaryllis (Hippeastrum) This is another list of Plants toxic to bees, which includes:- |
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PLANT USE Plant Selection Level 1 |
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There are other pages on Plants which bloom in each month of the year in this website:-
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You may not have room in your garden for trees, but you can plant them in containers.
If you still have not enough room for trees, Plant Selection by Garden Use
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Choose 1 of these different Plant selection Methods:-
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Pruning The illustrations combined with the text tell you precisely what to do in the above book. |
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Chapter |
Contents |
Comments |
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Reasons to prune |
Pruning with a purpose. |
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Tools and Equipment |
Clippers and loppers. |
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Pruning Methods |
A proper pruning cut. |
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Ornamental trees and shrubs |
Pruning a bare-root shrub. |
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Shade trees |
Basic tree shapes. |
Cavity repair. "2. Smooth out the rough edges with a heavy-grit file" No, that would tend to remove the remains of the branch collar and further damage the tree. "3. Fill the hole with a good tree-cavity sealer. Asphalt compounds, such as those used in patching driveways and roofs, are suitable..." I suggest the following:- Solutions to stop creating holes in trees. When a branch is cut off, remember to cut it off on the other side of the Branch Collar. (See Figure 1 - Optimum position of the final pruning cut in "Guide to Tree Pruning" by the Arboricultural Association which shows the branch collar within and outside the tree. My Comments: I disagree with their recommendation not to apply wound paint as you can see the result if you do not paint trees which are dehydrated, starved and gassed as these trees in the pavements of Madeira are.) Once that is done, then immediately apply Boron and 2 coats of protective sealant as used for holes in trees above." from Photo Damage to Trees in Madeira Page 1. I also saved the yew tree in my local churchyard. |
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Pruning evergreens |
What is an evergreen. |
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Pruning hedges |
Starting a new hedge. |
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Artistic pruning |
Topiary. |
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Pruning fruit trees |
Pruning a bare-root fruit tree at planting time. |
A solution for grass round trees depriving them of water and nutrients; using the expertise of DLF. |
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Pruning small fruits |
Grapes. |
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Nut trees |
Planting a nut tree. |
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Vines and ground covers |
Pruning a woody vine. |
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Garden plants and houseplants |
Reasons to prune perennials. |
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Bonsai |
Choosing your specimen. |
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