Ivydene Gardens Duckweed to Ferns Wild Flower Families Gallery: |
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Click on Underlined Text in:- Common Name to view that Plant Description Page |
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True Ferns: Polypody Family:- "Ferns and their allies are a very ancient order of flowerless plants, comprising the Ferns, Horsetails, Clubmosses and Quillworts, all perennial except for the rare Jersey Fern (Polypody Family). They have no seed, but reproduce themselves by minute dust-like spores. These are produced in tiny capsules (sporangia), and give rise without any sexual process to tiny short-lived plants called prothalli, which bear male and female organs and carry out the reproductive process in the presence of moisture and not by insect or wind fertilisation, leading to the formation of a new fern plant. This process is called alternation of generations. In the Ferns the prothalli are usually small green heart-shaped scale-like plants, 1/4 - 1/2 inch across, which may often be found in damp shady spots near fern colonies, sometimes with tiny fern plants growing from them. The Mosses, Liverworts, Stoneworts (Chara and Nitella species), Algae, Seaweeds and other more primitive flowerless plants have only cellular and not fibrous or vascular tissue, and lack true roots and usually stems as well, but are sometimes very hard to distinguish except by a knowledge of their reproductive habits. The true fern families (Royal Fern Family, Filmy Fern Family and Polypody Family) have ferns which are non-woody perennials, except for the rare Jersey Fern (Polypody Family), with an obvious family resemblance, their leaves (fronds) folded crozier-like in bud and arising from a creeping or an often well-tufted rootstock that may be covered with a brown shaggy mass of decayed leaves. Only Hartstongue (Polypody Family) has completely undivided leaves, the rest being either deeply lobed (Rusty-back in Polypody Family) or 1-3 pinnate. The spores are contained in minute cases, which are grouped into raised brown heaps (sori), covered by an indusium, on the back or edges of the leaves, except in the Royal Fern (Royal Fern Family). Many species are very variable, and young plants, especially sterile ones, are extremely hard, if not impossible, to identify. They all affect damp or shady places, and so are plentiful in Western England. The great majority of our British ferns belong to this family, all but the Hartstongue having divided leaves, and all having opaque leaves. " from Collins Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers by David McClintock and R.S.R. Fitter assisted by Francis Rose - ISBN 0 00 219363 9 - Eleventh Impression 1978 True Ferns: Polypody Family plant table with its Common Name - Botanical Name. Flowering Months Range. Habitat with link to that Wild Flower Habitat Gallery:- |
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Common Name |
Botanical Name |
Flowering Months |
Habitat |
Alpine Lady Fern |
Athyrium alpestre (distentifolium) |
A deciduous fern of the higher mountains, growing on rock ledges, gullies, block screes and in shallow hollows where snow lies late into summer. It prefers more stable, acidic block screes with a N. or N.E. aspect and some degree of soil accumulation. Found from 455 m in the Breadalbanes (Mid Perth) to 1220 m (Ben Macdui, S. Aberdeen). |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage from Applecross Pass |
Form from Applecross Pass. |
Alpine Woodsia (Gray Northern Woodsia) |
Woodsia alpina |
July-August |
This grows on the steep, free-drained, bare faces of calcareous rocks, including pumice tuffs, basalts, mica- and hornblende schists, slates and limestones. Sites are very free-draining, with little competition. From 525 m to 975 m on Ben Lawers (Mid Perth). |
Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form |
Thelypteris phegopteris (Dryopteris phegopteris, Lastrea phegopteris, Phegopteris connectilis, Phegopteris polypodioides) |
A creeping, rhizomatous fern, most common in ancient woodlands dominated by Quercus petraea on neutral to acidic soils, where it frequently occurs on deeper soils on gully sides where base-rich water percolates. It can also be found amongst boulders and on wet rock faces in the uplands where it is afforded protection from grazing. 0-1120 m (Breadalbanes, Mid Perth). |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form |
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum |
This evergreen perennial fern occurs on a wide range of well-drained, usually basic substrates, in lightly shaded habitats where there is little competition. It is found on cliffs and screes, in quarries, on lane banks and walls. Generally lowland, but reaching 575 m at Moor House (Westmorland) and possibly higher in the Cairngorms. |
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Spores from Richborough Castle |
Spores from Richborough Castle |
Foliage from Richborough Castle in Kent in August |
Form from Richborough Castle in August |
Bladder Fern (Syn. Brittle Bladder Fern) |
Cystopteris fragilis |
A fern of damp, shaded rock crevices, cliffs, cave entrances, ravines and mortared walls, always growing on a mineral-enriched substrate, and most frequent over limestone. It is also found on field boundary banks where water seeps from improved pasture, and in Fraxinus woodland. 0-1220 m (Breadalbanes, Mid Perth). |
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Spores at Corkscrew Hill in County Clare on 18 June |
Spore at Corkscrew Hill on 18 June |
Foliage at Corkscrew Hill on 18 June |
Form from Millers Dale on 21 May |
Pteridium aquilinum |
A deciduous fern of moorland, hill pasture and other habitats on acidic soils. It is most vigorous when growing on deep loam, sands or alluvium and is rare on base-rich soils. 0-585 m (Lochnagar, S. Aberdeen), and probably higher elsewhere. |
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Spores |
Spore-cases |
Foliage from Oldbury Hill in September |
Form |
Common Spleenwort (Syn. Maidenhair Spleenwort) |
A perennial, evergreen fern which grows in a range of rocky habitats, including cliffs, rock faces, screes, mine waste and, perhaps now most commonly, on walls. 0-870 m (Macgillycuddy`s Reeks, S. Kerry). |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage from Slieve Elva in County Clare on 17 June |
Form |
Common Buckler Fern (Syn. Broad Buckler Fern) |
Dryopteris dilatata |
This deciduous fern grows on moderately to very acidic, well- to poorly-drained substrates. Habitats include deciduous and coniferous woodland, hedgerows, ditches, open moorland, rocky slopes, boulder scree and rock fissures. It can also be epiphytic in damp climates. 0-1050 m (N. of Loch Rannoch, Mid Perth), and reportedly to 1125 m in Scotland. |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form |
Polypodium vulgare |
An evergreen, perennial, rhizomatous fern of well-drained, predominantly acidic substrates, including dry-stone walls, roadside banks and rock outcrops. It also occurs as an epiphyte on Quercus and other deciduous trees, mainly in W. Britain and Ireland, and is also found in conifer plantations. It is very tolerant of exposure, growing, for example, on montane scree. |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form |
Dryopteris cristata |
This deciduous fern grows in mildly acidic `floating` fens that develop within or from more base-rich fens. It is characteristic of Sphagnum lawns, where it can tolerate the shade of invading Phragmites, and Salix and Betula scrub. It can persist in fen carr. Lowland. |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form |
Forked Spleenwort |
Asplenium septentrionale |
An often long-lived, evergreen fern of well-drained, exposed, sunny, usually acidic rock faces, metalliferous mine spoil and the sides of unmortared stone walls. In Ireland, it grows on ultrabasic rocks. 0-535 m (Moel yr Ogof, Caerns.), formerly to 715 m at Llyn y Cwn (Caerns.) |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form |
Golden-Scaled Male Fern (Syn. Scaly Male Fern) |
Dryopteris borreri |
A deciduous or evergreen fern found in deciduous woodland, along rides in coniferous plantations, in ditches, on shady banks and road verges, usually on acidic substrates. In more oceanic areas, it grows in the open on well-drained West- or South-West-facing hillsides, scree slopes and mountain ledges. It is also found on brickwork in urban areas. |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form from Ardcharnich in Ross and Cromarty on 18 June |
Asplenium viride |
This is an evergreen fern of moist, sheltered crevices in basic rocks, and very rarely also on mortared walls. It is occasionally a colonist of old metal mine workings. From sea level on the coasts of W. Britain and Ireland to 975 m on Ben Lawers (Mid Perth). |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage on 14 May |
Form on 14 May |
Blechnum spicant |
This evergreen calcifuge fern grows on damp peaty or loamy soils in deciduous and coniferous woodland. In suitably wet climates it extends onto open moorland, streamsides and hedgerows. 0-1065 m (Aonach Beag, Westerness), and reportedly to 1185 m elsewhere in Scotland. |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage from Loch Cuilin on 22 June |
Form from Loch Cuilin on 22 June |
Polystichum aculeatum |
July-August |
This evergreen species is characteristic of mountain gorges and steep wooded river valleys where it grows in thin but damp, mildly acidic to base-rich soils between rocks and in crevices. It also grows in the grikes of limestone pavement, on shady mortared walls, on hedge-banks, and around cave entrances and mine shafts. It is rarely plentiful in S. England, usually occurring as scattered individuals and only becoming common in the north of its range. |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form |
July-August |
An evergreen perennial fern of sheltered, humid, moist habitats, including rocky woodlands, stream and hedge banks, grikes in limestone pavement, and on brickwork and walls, where it often grows in a stunted form. It avoids the most acidic substrates. 0-700 m (Great Dun Fell, Westmorland). |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage from Corkscrew hill in County Clare on 18 June |
Form near Cadgwith in Kent |
Dryopteris aemula |
July-September |
A fern of moist but well-drained acidic to neutral soils of low base content, growing on banks, sea-cliffs and wooded slopes. In the Weald (Sussex) it occurs in deep, steep-sided wooded ravines which emulate its Atlantic habitats. Generally lowland, but reaching 640 m in Macgillycuddy`s Reeks (South Kerry). |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage from North Yorkshire |
Form from North Yorkshire |
Polystichum lonchitis |
This evergreen species is a calcicole, growing in well-drained, cool and moist positions at the base of cliffs, on rocky ledges, and particularly in stabilised boulder-scree. It also grows in deep grikes of limestone pavements. Polystichum lonchitis is a poor competitor, but is long-lived once established. From 180 m at Inchnadamph, W. Sutherland, but generally above 600 m and reaching 1150 m in the Breadalbanes (Mid Perth). |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form from Allt Nan Uamp in Sutherland on 17 June |
Jersey Fern |
Anogramma leptophylla |
March-May |
A small fern found on moist but well-drained shady lane banks, especially where granite is used to support the bank. Some say it is confined to banks in the Channel Islands. It prefers bare soil where some surface erosion reduces competition. It is the only British fern with an annual sporophyte; its spores mature early (usually April) and plants die soon afterwards. Its prothallus, however, is perennial and may over-winter in warm crevices to produce new sporophytes the following year. Lowland. |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form |
Athyrium filix-femina |
A deciduous fern that prefers moist but well-drained acidic soils, but can tolerate more basic substrates if these are overlain by mildly acidic layers. It is particularly frequent in deciduous woodland, especially on stream banks, and in moist, rocky habitats, but is also found in hedgerows and drainage ditches. It is one of few species able to colonise metalliferous lead and tin mine deposits. 0-1005 m (Carnedd Llewelyn, Caerns.). |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form |
Lanceolate Spleenwort |
Asplenium obovatum |
This perennial, evergreen, calcifuge fern is mainly a plant of sheltered, shady crevices and ledges on maritime cliffs and on rock outcrops. It also occurs on well-drained, acidic, loamy lane banks and dry-stone walls. Most of its sites are near the sea, and the plant is not vigorous in its colder inland sites. Lowland. |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form |
Lemon-Scented Fern |
Thelypteris oreopteris |
A fern of acidic, peaty or humus-rich soils in open woodland, along drainage ditches and streamsides, and on damp heaths, upland grassland and damp rock ledges. It is especially associated with the edges of watercourses, including man-made ditches, and is therefore more frequent on poorly-drained substrates. 0-1010 m (Ben Ime, Main Argyll). |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form |
Limestone Polypody |
Thelypteris robertiana |
A deciduous fern of cracks, fissures and scree in limestone rock, but also found in shallow grikes of limestone pavement, and, rarely, on chalk. It prefers warm, sunny exposures but can tolerate light shading. It has become established as a garden escape on walls and culverts. Lowland to 585 m at Carreg yr Ogof (Carms.). |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form |
Adiantum capillus-veneris |
May-September |
A semi-evergreen fern found in areas with an oceanic climate on wet, calcareous cliffs where its rhizomes are protected in crevices; in the Aran Islands (W. Donegal) and the Burren (Co. Clare) it grows in grikes in limestone pavement. Many inland records in sheltered warm sites, such as damp mortared walls, railway sidings and canal locks, arise from spores derived from cultivated plants. Lowland. |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage from the Burren in County Clare |
Form from The Burren |
Dryopteris filix-mas |
This is a common deciduous fern of woodlands, hedgerows, ditches, roadside verges, stream banks, rocky hillsides, cliff ledges and scree slopes. It prefers light, well-drained but moist soils that are mostly acidic to neutral, though sometimes slightly basic. It is also found in urban habitats, including railway embankments, bridges, walls and gardens. 0-960 m (Macgillycuddy`s Reeks, S. Kerry). |
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Spore-case (Sorus) with Spores on 25 July |
Sori with Spores from Borough Green in Kent on 25 July |
Foliage from Nairn on 4 July |
Form from Rievauex Abbey |
Thelypteris palustris |
A perennial fern of open or recently wooded fen or open carr, where the soil is permanently wet and organic, but not too acidic. It is a characteristic component of Phragmites-Cladium fen, but also persists as vigorous colonies in fen Alnus woods or Salix carr. Generally lowland, but formerly at 335 m (Braemar, S. Aberdeen). |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage from Goonhilly in Cornwall on 24 May |
Form from Goonhilly on 24 May |
Cystopteris montana (Polypodium montanum) |
A deciduous fern of sheltered, humid, North- or East-facing limestone and mica-schist cliffs where there is periodic irrigation. It prefers dripping rock ledges, cliff bases, gullies and steep, unstable scree slopes. From 490 m on Ben Lui (Main Argyll) to 1125 m on Aonach Beag (Westerness). |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage from Liechenstein |
Form from Allt Nan Uamp in Sutherland on 17 June |
Narrow Buckler Fern |
Dryopteris spinulosa (carthusiana) |
July-September |
This deciduous fern is found in a range of damp habitats, including wet heaths, fens, mires, raised bogs, carr and wet woodland. It prefers rich alluvial soils with a high water table. More rarely it extends onto open moorland, possibly as a relic of former woodland. Generally lowland, but reaching 730 m in Atholl (E. Perth). |
Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form |
Northern Buckler Fern |
Dryopteris expansa |
August-September |
A deciduous fern found growing in open wet woodland and around rock outcrops at low altitudes, and in damp, sheltered hollows of upland boulder scree. Its substrates are usually mildly acidic, but it can grow in scree derived from quite base-rich mica-schists. 0-945 m (Stob Binnein, W. Perth). |
Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form |
Thelypteris dryopteris (Gymnocarpium dryopteris) |
July-August |
A gregarious, deciduous fern growing in rocky deciduous woodland and ravines, along stream banks, and on cliff ledges and stable block screes. It prefers moist but open, light-textured mineral soils with a high humus content, and tolerates a moderate range of pH. 0-915 m (Rannoch, Mid Perth). |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage on 18 May |
Form on 18 May |
Oblong Woodsia (Rusty Cliff Fern) |
Woodsia ilvensis |
An evergreen fern, growing in cracks and fissures in cliffs and crags on rocks ranging from calcareous tuffs and hornblende schists to more acidic tuffs, grits and shales. Sites are very free-draining, with little competition. Reproduction is probably mostly vegetative. From 365 m to 760 m (Cumberland). |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form |
Cryptogramma crispa |
This small, deciduous, long-lived fern is a strong calcifuge and is found in well-drained sites on relatively stable, steep scree slopes, where it is a pioneer species. It also occurs on cliff ledges and mortar-free dry-stone walls. From 80 m (Glen Etive, Main Argyll) to 1280 m (Ben Nevis, Westerness). |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage from Applecross Pass on 25 June |
Form from Applecross Pass on 25 June |
Rigid Buckler Fern |
Dryopteris villarii |
July-August |
A deciduous fern of limestone pavement, screes and rock crevices, where moist, humus-rich soils develop. It prefers some degree of shelter, often growing in grikes, but is intolerant of shade. It can extend onto more exposed rock, but only where low woody scrub affords some protection. It is also recorded from limestone walls, and from other base-rich rocks. 0-465 m (Highfolds Scar, Mid-W. Yorks.). |
Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form |
Ceterach officinarum |
A perennial, calcicole fern found on crags and cliffs of basic rocks, especially limestone, and also on limestone pavements and mortared walls. Generally lowland, reaching c. 550 m in Wales. |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage from Ivy Thorn in Somerset on 23 December |
Form from Ivy Thorn in Somerset on 23 December |
Asplenium marinum |
An evergreen perennial fern, predominantly found in cool, moist crevices and fissures in maritime cliffs, and often within range of sea-spray. It occasionally grows on walls in coastal areas, but, because of its requirement for a frost-free environment, it is only exceptionally found on rocks inland. Lowland. |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage from Melvaig Ross on 21 June |
Form from Melvaig Ross on 21 June |
Small Male Fern (Mountain Male-fern) |
Dryopteris abbreviata |
This deciduous fern grows in colonies on well-drained rocky ledges, steep, loose scree slopes and in gullies. Substrates include relatively acidic sandstones, slates and mica-schist. It is very sensitive to grazing, often becoming confined to inaccessible ledges and unstable scree slopes in heavily grazed areas. From 105 m (Llyn Padarn, Caerns.) to 850 m (An Sgurr, Mid Perth and Coire na Creiche, N. Ebudes). |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form |
Polystichum setiferum |
July-August |
This semi-evergreen fern is a moderate calcicole, occurring in shaded deciduous woodland, hedgerows, lane banks and sheltered streamsides, and also in the peaty bottoms of grikes in limestone pavement. It grows on a wide range of soil types, from those derived from sands to clays, but prefers sloping or well-drained ground. Generally lowland, but reaching 305 m on Walla Crag (Cumberland). |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form on 5 July |
Asplenium ruta-muraria |
This perennial, evergreen fern occurs naturally on limestone and other basic rocks, where it grows on steep, bare faces and in crevices; it is also found in hollowed clints in limestone pavement. However, in most lowland areas it is now abundant on mortared walls and other man-made structures. 0-625 m (Ingleborough, Mid-W. Yorks.). |
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Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage from North Yorkshire |
Form from North Yorkshire |
Western Polypody |
Polypodium interjectum |
September-February |
An evergreen, perennial, rhizomatous fern that prefers more basic substrates than Polypodium vulgare but can be found in acidic conditions where exposed to salt-laden air. It is found in a wide range of habitats such as mortared stone walls, hedge banks, rock exposures, mature sand dunes and as an epiphyte, especially near the sea. |
Spore-case |
Spore-cases |
Foliage |
Form |
Colonists of limestone dry stone walls In Winsley, West Wiltshire |
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British Pteridological Society Spore Exchange 2011 List of spores available 2011 - Cancelling all previous lists. |
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UKButterflies Larval Foodplants website page lists the larval foodplants used by British butterflies. The name of each foodplant links to a Google search. An indication of whether the foodplant is a primary or secondary food source is also given. Please note that the Butterfly you see for only a short time has grown up on plants as an egg, caterpillar and chrysalis for up to 11 months, before becoming a butterfly. If the plants that they live on during that time are removed, or sprayed with herbicide, then you will not see the butterfly. |
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Plants used by the Butterflies follow the Plants used by the Egg, Caterpillar and Chrysalis as stated in |
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Plant Name |
Butterfly Name |
Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly |
Plant Usage |
Plant Usage Months |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
10 days in May-June |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
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Egg, |
1 egg at base of plant. |
Late August-April |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Cabbages - Large White eats all cruciferous plants, such as cabbages, mustard, turnips, radishes, cresses, nasturtiums, wild mignonette and dyer's weed |
Egg,
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40-100 eggs on both surfaces of leaf. |
May-June and August-Early September. 4.5-17 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Cabbages:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
July or August; hatches in 3 days. |
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Cabbages:- |
Egg, |
1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. |
May-June 7 days. |
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Cherry with |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
|
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(Common CowWheat, Field CowWheat) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Currants |
Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on oak or pine tree trunk |
15 days in July. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 15 days in May-June. |
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Dog Violet with |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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False Brome is a grass (Wood Brome, Wood False-brome and Slender False-brome) |
Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
... |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf or stem. |
Hatches after 10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. |
May-June 7 days. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
1 then |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg at base of plant. |
Late August-April. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
10 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Nasturtium from Gardens |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf. |
May-June and August. 7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on tree trunk |
15 days in July. |
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Mountain pansy, |
Egg, Chrysalis |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. 3 weeks in September |
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Egg, |
1 egg on tree trunk. |
15 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. |
7 days in August. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 16 days in June. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. |
7 days. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg under leaf. |
|
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks |
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Trefoils 1, 2, 3 |
Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
6 days in May-June. |
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Egg, |
Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. |
- |
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Egg, |
1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. |
7 days in June. |
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Violets:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on underside of leaf or on stalk. |
July-August for 17 days. |
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Violets:- |
Egg, |
1 egg on stem or stalk near plant base. |
July to hatch in 8 months in March. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. |
2 weeks. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. |
14 days in July-August. |
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Willow |
Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. |
Hatches after 18-22 days in April. |
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Egg, |
Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. |
Hatches after 20 days in July. |
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Plants used by the Butterflies |
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Plant Name |
Butterfly Name |
Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly |
Plant Usage |
Plant Usage Months |
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Asters |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
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Runner and Broad Beans in fields and gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Aubretia in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
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Butterfly |
Eats sap exuding from trunk. |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
20 days. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June |
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Holly Blue |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Buddleias |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Wood White |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June. |
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Cabbage and cabbages in fields |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October |
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Adonis Blue |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September |
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Pale Clouded Yellow |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
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Cow-wheat |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
3 weeks between May and September |
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Germander Speedwell (Veronica chamaedrys - Birdseye Speedwell) |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
30 days in May-June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-September |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
May-June for 18 days. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Painted Lady |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October. |
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Marigolds in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September. |
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Michaelmas Daisies |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September. |
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Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain) |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Nasturtiums in gardens |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
April-June or July-September |
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Butterfly |
Eats sap exuding from trunk. |
April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
May-June. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
July-May |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
7 weeks in July-August. |
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Comma |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
July-October. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
3 weeks between May and September |
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Trefoils 1, 2, 3 |
Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar. |
20 days in August. |
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June.
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Butterfly |
Eats nectar |
June-July |
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Apple/Pear/Cherry/Plum Fruit Tree Blossom in Spring |
Butterfly |
Eats Nectar |
April-May |
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Rotten Fruit |
Butterfly |
Drinks juice |
July-September |
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Tree sap and damaged ripe fruit, which are high in sugar |
Butterfly |
Hibernates inside hollow trees or outhouses until March. Eats sap or fruit juice until April. |
10 months in June-April |
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Wild Flowers |
Large Skipper |
Butterfly |
Eats Nectar |
June-August |
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Links to the other Butterflies:- Black Hairstreak |
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THE LIFE AND DEATH OF A FLAILED CORNISH HEDGE
September 21st. Most of the survey mile closely flailed today along both sides of the road. End note, June 2008. I hear spring vetch has been officially recorded somewhere in West Cornwall and confirmed as a presence in the county, so perhaps I can be permitted to have seen it pre-1972 in the survey mile. I wonder where they found it? It's gone from hedges where it used to be, along with other scarcities and so-called scarcities that used to flourish in so many hedges unrecorded, before the flail arrived. I have given careful thought to including mention of some of the plants and butterflies. So little seems to be known of the species resident in Cornish hedges pre-flail that I realise some references may invite scepticism. I am a sceptic myself, so sympathise with the reaction; but I have concluded that, with a view to re-establishing vulnerable species, it needs to be known that they can with the right management safely and perpetually thrive in ordinary Cornish hedges. In future this knowledge could solve the increasingly difficult question of sufficient and suitable sites for sustainable wild flower and butterfly conservation - as long as it is a future in which the hedge-flail does not figure.
CHECK-LIST OF TYPES OF CORNISH HEDGE FLORA by Sarah Carter of Cornish Hedges Library:-
Titles of papers available on www.cornishhedges.co.uk:-
THE GUILD OF CORNISH HEDGERS is the non-profit-making organisation founded in 2002 to support the concern among traditional hedgers about poor standards of workmanship in Cornish hedging today. The Guild has raised public awareness of Cornwall's unique heritage of hedges and promoted free access to the Cornish Hedges Library, the only existing source of full and reliable written knowledge on Cornish hedges." |
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DUCKWEED TO FERN WILD FLOWER GALLERY
SEED COLOUR |
GBIF makes available data that are shared by hundreds of data publishers from around the world. These data are shared according to the GBIF Data Use Agreement, which includes the provision that users of any data accessed through or retrieved via the GBIF Portal will always give credit to the original data publishers. What is the Global Biodiversity Information Facility? GBIF enables free and open access to biodiversity data online. We’re an international government-initiated and funded initiative focused on making biodiversity data available to all and anyone, for scientific research, conservation and sustainable development. GBIF provides three core services and products:
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WILD FLOWER GALLERY INDEX LINK TO WILDFLOWER PLANT DESCRIPTION PAGE Wildflower Garden Use page from Evergreen Perrennial Shape Gallery. FLOWER COLOUR SEED COLOUR BED PICTURES HABITAT TABLES See Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines to aid your use of this website. |
WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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WILD FLOWER FAMILY
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Wild About Britain is home to hundreds of thousands of pages about British wildlife, the Environment and the Great Outdoors; from birds, butterflies, fungi and trees to climate change, marine life, astronomy and the weather. We're also a huge online community with 35,000 members and more than 3 million unique visitors a year. World Atlas of Seagrasses by Edmund P. Green and Frederick T. Short - "a group of about sixty species of underwater marine flowering plants, grow in the shallow marine and estuary environments of all the world's continents except Antarctica. The primary food of animals such as manatees, dugongs, and green sea turtles, and critical habitat for thousands of other animal and plant species, seagrasses are also considered one of the most important shallow-marine ecosystems for humans, since they play an important role in fishery production. Though they are highly valuable ecologically and economically, many seagrass habitats around the world have been completely destroyed or are now in rapid decline. The World Atlas of Seagrasses is the first authoritative and comprehensive global synthesis of the distribution and status of this critical marine habitat. " Over 300 accounts of the Flora of the British Isles have been published in |
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Superceeded Wildflower Indices After clicking on the WILD FLOWER Common Name INDEX link to Wildflower Family Page; |
The process below provides a uniform method for
The following Extra Index of Wildflowers is created in the Borage Wildflower Gallery, to which the Wildflowers found in the above list will have that row entry copied to.
Having transferred the Extra Index row entry to the relevant Extra Index row for the same type of plant in a gallery below; then
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The English Flower Garden Design, Arrangement, and Plans |
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KPR - Gardeners Club Slovakia:- "KPR was officially established in 2000 in Slovakia in Europe; however, we supply seeds and plants from all over the world since 1998. Our main object is focused on joining gardeners around the world from all fields of interests to create a big database of seeds and plants (Seeds and Plants Bank of KPR) from around the world. At present, we have 6 main branches (Slovakia, Czechia, Australia, India, Thailand, South Africa and Tanzania) and over 200 co-operators and seeds collectors all over the world. Nowadays we are able to collect and supply over 10 000 species of plants from all over the world. If you are looking for anything, you are at the right place! Although we do not have every plant in our collection yet, but we are expanding daily, step-by-step, seed-by-seed, plant by plant. We believe that soon we will be able to supply (almost) anything! For sale over 10 000 seeds and plants from all over the world - palms, cycads, exotic and frost tolerant shrubs and trees, succulents, carnivorous, annuals, perennials, ornamental grasses, vegetable, etc." "At present, we can collect seeds and plants on request (as well as parts of plants - for example bulbs, cuttings, meristematic tissues, pollen, etc.) from more than 4000 species of plants from 19 European countries. Now we collect in the following countries: Austria, Bulgaria, Czechia, Germany, Spain, Finland, Great Britain, Croatia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Russia, Slovenia, Slovakia. We prepare to collect in the following countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Estonia, France, Switzerland, Italy, Kosovo, Norway, Sweden, Ukraine. We are able to collect all species in this area on your request. However, we do not collect protected species and species from the orchids (Orchidaceae). Since 2002, we supply a wide range of European plants annually to both domestic and foreign small gardeners as well as big gardeners' societies, pharmaceutical companies and for scientific research. The Vegetation season in Europe is from March to October. Seeds are usually harvested from August to September, and some species earlier. We provide a guarantee of 2 years for germination seeds. Seeds of some species are available throughout the year, but most of the species are collected on request. If you are searching for anything from Europe, you are at the right place! Contact us and inform yourself about stock availability, prices and terms of supplying. We are able to supply all plant parts as well - seeds, bulbs, cuttings, meristematic issues, pollen etc. We also grow many species in cultivation and supply these as seedlings or young plants for wholesale. If you require seedlings, your order should be placed before April, seeing that the seeds are sown in April."
Colin's virtual Herbarium - "I am Colin Ladyka, and I live in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. Native plants are my hobby.
Toxicity of Common Comfrey :-
The Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland – Founded in 1836 as the Botanical Society of London and welcomes both professional and amateur botanists. The society focuses on the study of botany in the British Isles. The British Bryological Society – For the study and conservation of mosses and liverworts worldwide. The British Lichen Society – The first society in the world entirely devoted to the study of lichens. The Natural History Society of Northumbria – Everything you might want to know about NHSN including details of their field meetings, lectures, and nature reserve. Common by Nature – James Common regularly writes about his botanical finds across Newcastle and Northumberland on his personal blog. Help Identifying Plants Online BSBI Plant Crib – Sections from BSBI’s ground-breaking publication make the identification of complex plant families much easier. NatureSpot – Perfect for beginners, this online resource hosts species accounts for many plants also found in the North East. Arable Plant Crib – A series of helpful crib sheets for the UK’s arable plants from the Colour in the Margins project (now ceased). Common’s Cribs – A new series of beginner-friendly crib sheets exploring the identification of various plant families and group.
Biopix is a collection of biological photos, primarily from Scandinavia. Biopix is used online by a wide range of students, teachers, researchers, photographers etc. The photos are used professionally in a large range of publications; the sale helps to cover the expenses.
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Handbook of alien species in Europe
Herbaria@home, a ground-breaking new approach to digitising and documenting the archives of the UK's herbaria. This site provides a web-based method for documenting herbarium sheets. We welcome participation in the project, so please read more about the project and if you would like to help then get involved!
Ukwildflowers has lists of English Common Names with their Latin botanical name.
APHOTOFLORA
Since 1972 I (Leif Stridvall) have almost exclusively been working with Nikon 35 mm system cameras as photographic equipment. They have proved to be very reliable and have never let me down. I started with Nikkormat, later exchanging it for Nikon FA (had matrix metering) and ended up with Nikon 801 (had autofocus) adding Nikon F70 as a reserve camera. In 2001 I began shooting digitally, first with Nikon Coolpix 990 and a couple of years later Minolta Dimage 7Hi, both excellent cameras for close-up photography. However when Nikon last year released its digital system camera D70 at a very affordable price, giving me opportunity to use all my old lenses with their new camera model, I gave up 35 mm photography for good. Since many years I use as macro lens the very sharp Nikon 60/2,8 AF (many old photos are taken with Mikro-Nikkor 3,5/55, also an excellent lens for macro work but only with manual focusing). All my 35 mm photos are taken with slide film, before 1972 Agfacolor, from 1972 till 1991 Kodachrome 25 (very few with Kodachrome 64) and from 1992 onwards with my favourite film, Fuji Velvia, very sharp and contrasty. Slides have been scanned by a HP PhotoSmart S20 Photo Scanner at a fairly moderate resolution of 1200 dpi. Most photos have been slightly edited either in Ulead PhotoImpact or in Adobe Photoshop. Photos with filenames starting with 4 letters are shot with a digital camera (AAAAxxxx or BBBBxxxx indicate Nikon CoolPix 990, MINAxxx Minolta Dimage 7Hi and NIKAxxxx Nikon D70).
The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation grew out of the Convention on Biological Diversity and is being fed into government policy around the world. |
Bookreview of A.R. Clapham, T.G. Tutin et E.F. Warburg Flora of the British Isles. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press.
Ferns in Britain and Ireland - A guide to ferns, horsetails, clubmosses
Selected References from KingdomPlantae.net National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Niering and Olmstead Peterson Field Guides Eastern/Central Medicinal Plants, Steven Foster and James A. Duke Peterson Field Guides Edible Wild Plants, Lee Allen Peterson Stalking the Healthful Herbs, Euell Gibbons Identifying and Harvesting Edible and Medicinal Plants, Steve Brill The Encyclopedia of Edible Plants of North America, Francois Couplan, Ph.D. Tom Brown's Guide to Wild Edible and Medicinal Plants, Tom Brown, Jr. A Modern Herbal, Volume II, Mrs. M. Grieve Weeds, Alexander C Martin
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Database of Insects and their Food Plants from the Biological Records Centre:- This database is primarily a collation of published interactions between Great Britain 's invertebrate herbivores (insects and mites) and their host plants. There are also some interactions for the invertebrates closely associated with herbivores, such as predators, parasitoids, cleptoparasites and mutualists. DBIF contains about 47,000 interactions for roughly 9,300 invertebrate taxa (species, sub-species and forms) and 5,700 plant taxa (species, genera and broader groupings).
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Helping Earth's Sustainable Management with a Plant IT'S SO PRODUCTIVE! 1 acre of hemp = 1,000 gallons of methanol. In fact, Henry Ford's first car ran on hemp-methanol! - and at just a fraction of the cost of petroleum alternatives. Alternatives to coal, fuel oil, acetone, ethyl, tar pitch and creosote can be derived - from this one single plant! |
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The New Zealand Electronic Text Centre has under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 New Zealand Licence produced the following information from Chapter IX - Ferns for the Open Garden from The Cultivation of New Zealand Plants by L.Cockayne published by Whitcombe and Tombs Limited, 1923, Auckland:- Class 1.—Ferns requiring no shade in dry districts. Class 2.—Ferns requiring only the minimum amount of shade. Class 3.—Ferns requiring a moderate amount of shade. Class 4.—Ferns requiring a considerable amount of shade.
GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora:- What is GrassBase?
A Vegetative Key to Grasses by Ellen McDouall from the Bristol Regional Environmental Records Centre. |
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How www.discoverlife.org Works About Everyone can benefit in some way from a partnership with Discover Life. With our powerful integrated web tools, you can:
We are dedicated to improving education about the natural world, and therefore make our tools available for everyone, for free. You keep copyrights of your photographs and other information, you control how much or how little information you provide. We work constantly to improve our technology to make it easier to use."
What is The Threatened Plants Database
BackyardGardener.com:- This is no superficial overview. We have everything you need to learn, explore, and improve your gardening. We also provide every product imaginable to assist you in creating your beautiful home garden surroundings. Backyard Gardener has provided gardening information since 1996. We are a one stop informational site to help people understand their gardening needs. Backyard Gardener provides gardening plans and plant lists to enhance your gardening knowledge. We assist in providing the best gardening reference sites on the web with our own 'hands on' gardening information." |
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Monty Don. The Observer, Sunday 22 April 2001 "Weeds are the unwanted visitors which spoil our garden parties. But before you chuck them out, they can teach us a thing or two. There are other ways to deal with weeds:-
My weeds: Monty's list of garden horrors, most of which are detailed in this website - look by common name or botanical in the Cream and Brown Wild Flower Gallery Page menus above:-
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It is coming from the people of Ecuador, led by their President Rafael Correa, and it would begin to deal with 2 converging crises. In the 4 billion years since life on earth began, there have been 5 times when there was a sudden mass extinction of life-forms. The last time was 65 million years ago, when the dinosaurs were killed, probably by a meteor. But now the world's scientists agree that the 6th mass extinction is at hand. Humans have accelerated the rate of species extinction by a factor of at least 100 and the Harvard biologist EO Wilson warns it could reach a factor of 10,000 within the next 20 years.. We are doing this largely by stripping species of their habitat. At the same time, we are dramatically warming the atmosphere. The joint-hottest year ever recorded was 2010, according to Nasa. The best scientific prediction is that we are now on course for a 3 feet rise in global sea levels this century. Goodbye London, Cairo, Bangkok, Venice and Shanghai. So where does Ecuador come in? At the tip of this South American country, there lies 4,000 square miles of rainforest where the Amazon basin, the Andes mountains and the equator come together. It is the most diverse place on earth. When scientists studied a single hectare of it, they found it had more different species of trees that the whole of North America put together. It holds the world records for different species of amphibeans, reptiles and bats. And - more importantly - this rainforest is a crucial part of the planets lungs, inhaling huge amounts of heat-trapping gases and keeping them out of the atmosphere. Yet almost all the pressure from the outside world today is to cut it down. Why? Because underneath that rainforest, there is almost a billion barrels of untapped oil, containing 400 million tons of planet-cooking gases. The oil beneath the rainforest is worth about 7 billion dollars. Ecuador's democratic government says that, if the rest of the world offers just half of what the oil is worth - 3.5 billion dollars - they will keep the rainforest standing and alive and working for us all. In a country where 38% live in poverty and 13% are on the brink of starvation, it's an incredibly generous offer and one that is popular in the rainforest itself. No country with oil has ever done anything like this before. Not a single one has ever considered leaving it in the ground because the consequences of digging it up are too disastrous. They first made this offer in 2006. Chile has offered $100,000. Spain has offered $1.4million. Germany initially offered $50million, then pulled out. Now Mr Carrea is warning they can't wait forever in a country where 13% are close to starving. If they do not have $100million in the pot by the end of this year, he says, they will have no choice but to pursue Plan B - the digging and destruction of the rainforest." What the idiots in power in the world do not realise is that a 25 feet by 25 feet grass lawn will provide enough oxygen for a person per year. A car travelling 60 miles consumes the same volume of oxygen as a mature beech tree produces in a year. Every person in the UK travels by car, bus or public transport and they therefore consume more oxygen per year than the property they own or the country they live in can create. We get our oxygen from outside the United Kingdom. We owe over 900 billion pounds and now we are lending more than 3.5 billion dollars to Greece, Ireland and Portugal. We are spending £800,000 on dropping 1 missile on Libya and last month we were involved in 3 wars costing more that £3.5 billion a year. UNFORTUNATELY THE GOVERNMENT IS NOT INTERESTED IN THE FACT THAT WE WILL NOT BE ABLE TO BREATHE FAIRLY SOON. Since no government will do it, perhaps you as the individual reading this could send £1 a month by standing order to the Ecuador Embassy in your country, so that President Carrea can carry out Plan A rather than Plan B. |
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From Sarah Ravens Kitchen & Garden:- Wildflowers - Chalk and sand, freely-drained soil mix A wonderfully varied self-sowing wild flower mix for thin, poor, chalky or sandy soils to give your garden or field flowers right through the year and food for the birds and bees. To cover an area of 3m2
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From Sarah Ravens Kitchen & Garden:- Wildflowers - Clay and rich loam soil mix There are two main things I want from my wildflower meadow –
That’s what you’ll get with this beautiful selection of my favourite easy and reliable perennial wild flowers. To cover an area of 3m2
Spring into Summer Flowering
Summer into Autumn Flowering
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Ivydene Gardens Water Fern to Yew Wild Flower Families Gallery: |
Only Wildflowers detailed in the following Wildflower Colour Pages |
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