Ivydene Gardens Glossary: P |
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Packs Compartmented trays in which individual seeds or seedlings are grown. Panicle An indeterminate, branched inflorescence often consisting of several racemose branches. The term is also loosely used to describe any type of inflorescence. Parterre A level area containing ornamental beds, often with low-growing plants and enclosed in dwarf hedges (see knot garden). Parthenocarpic The production of fruit without fertilisation having taken place. Pathogens Micro-organisms that cause disease. Patio Today meaning a paved area in a garden, attached to a house, the word derives from a Spanish word meaning paved courtyard. Peat Partially decayed, humus-rich vegetation formed on the surface of waterlogged soils. Moss or sphagnum peat is largely derived from partially decayed sphagnum moss and is used in potting composts. Sedge peat is derived from sedges, mosses and heathers; it is coarser than moss peat and is less suitable for potting composts. Peat bed Beds usually constructed from peat blocks and filled with very peaty soil; used to grow acid-loving plants, particularly in soils with a high pH. Peat blocks Blocks of peat cut from natural peat deposits. Peat substitute A term applied to a number of different organic materials — such as coconut fibre — used in place of peat for potting composts and soil improvers. Peduncle The stalk of a flower. Peltate (of leaves) A leaf with the stalk usually attached centrally beneath the leaf blade: sometimes the stalk may be off-centre within the leaf margin. Perennial Strictly, any plant living for at least three seasons; commonly applied to herbaceous plants and woody perennials (i.e. trees and shrubs). (See also Annual, Biennial.) Perianth The collective term for the calyx and the corolla, particularly when they are very similar in form, as in many bulb flowers. Perianth segment One portion of a perianth, usually resembling a petal and sometimes known as a tepal. Perlite Small granules of expanded, volcanic minerals added to growing media to improve aeration. Perpetual Of plants that bloom more or less continuously throughout the growing season or over long periods of time. Pesticide A chemical substance, usually manufactured, that is used to kill pests including insects (insecticide), mites (acaricide) and nematodes (nematicide). Petal A modified leaf, often brightly coloured; one part of the corolla usually of a dicotyledonous flower. Petiole The stalk of a leaf. pH A measure of alkalinity or acidity, used horticulturally to refer to soils. The scale measures from 1 to 14; pH 7 is neutral, above 7 is alkaline, and below 7 acid (see also Acid, Alkaline and Neutral). Photosynthesis The production of organic compounds required for growth in plants by a complex process involving chlorophyll, light energy, carbon dioxide, and water. Picotee A term describing petals with a narrow margin of a contrasting colour. Pinching out The removal of the growing tip of a plant (by finger and thumb) to induce the production of sideshoots or the formation of flower buds. Also known as “stopping”. Pistil See Carpel. Pith (of stems) The soft plant tissue in the central part of a stem. Pleaching A technique whereby branches from a row of trees are woven together and trained to form a wall or canopy of foliage. Plunge To sink a pot up to its rim in a bed of ashes, peat, sand, or soil to protect the roots of the plant or plants in the pot from extremes of temperature. Pod An ill-defined term generally applied to any dry dehiscent fruit; it is particularly used for peas and beans. Pollarding The regular pruning back of the main branches of a tree to the main stem or trunk, or to a short branch framework, usually to a height of about 2m (6ft) (see Coppicing). Pollen The male cells of a plant, formed in the anther. Pollination The transfer of pollen from anthers to stigmas. (See also Crosspollination, Open-pollination, and Self pollination.) Pollinator 1) The agent or means by which pollination is carried out (e.g. insects, wind). 2) Used in fruit growing to describe a cultivar required to ensure fruit set on another self- or partially self-sterile cultivar. Polyembryonic Containing more than one embryo in an ovule or seed. Pome fruit A firm, fleshy fruit formed by the fusion of the ovary and the hypanthium (the fused base of calyx and corolla); for example an apple or pear. Pompon Usually small, almost globular flowerheads made up of numerous florets. Potting compost (also potting mix or potting medium) A mixture of loam, peat substitute (or peat), sand, and nutrients in varying proportions. Soil-less composts contain no loam and mainly comprise peat with nutrients added. Potting on Transferring a plant from one pot to a larger one. Potting up Transferring seedlings into individual pots of compost. Pricking out The transferring of young seedlings from where they have germinated in beds or pots to positions where they have room to grow on. Propagation The increase of plants by seed (usually sexual) or vegetative (asexual) means. Propagator A structure that provides a humid atmosphere for raising seedlings, rooting cuttings, or other plants being propagated. Proximal end (of cuttings) The end that was originally nearest to the crown of the parent plant. Pruning Removing dead or unwanted shoots or branches from a plant. Pruning can encourage more vigorous growth in the plant. Pseudobulb The thickened, bulb-like stem of a sympodial orchid arising from a (sometimes very short) rhizome. . |
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Ponderisms What disease did cured ham actually have? If a deaf person has to go to court, is it still called a hearing? Why do people pay to go up tall buildings and then put money in binoculars to look at things on the ground? If electricity comes from electrons, does morality come from morons? |
Pollution "It isn't pollution that's harming the environment. It's the impurities in our air and water that are doing it." - Quotation from President George W. Bush
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Site design and content copyright ©December 2006. Page structure amended October 2012. Glossary Index added to New Page Template March 2016. Chris Garnons-Williams. DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site. See |
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EU Directive No. 456179 |
THE 2 EUREKA EFFECT PAGES FOR UNDERSTANDING SOIL AND HOW PLANTS INTERACT WITH IT OUT OF 10,000:-
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when I do not have my own or ones from mail-order nursery photos , then from March 2016, if you want to start from the uppermost design levels through to your choice of cultivated and wildflower plants to change your Plant Selection Process then use the following galleries:-
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There are other pages on Plants which bloom in each month of the year in this website:-
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The following details come from Cactus Art:- "A flower is the the complex sexual reproductive structure of Angiosperms, typically consisting of an axis bearing perianth parts, androecium (male) and gynoecium (female). Bisexual flower show four distinctive parts arranged in rings inside each other which are technically modified leaves: Sepal, petal, stamen & pistil. This flower is referred to as complete (with all four parts) and perfect (with "male" stamens and "female" pistil). The ovary ripens into a fruit and the ovules inside develop into seeds. Incomplete flowers are lacking one or more of the four main parts. Imperfect (unisexual) flowers contain a pistil or stamens, but not both. The colourful parts of a flower and its scent attract pollinators and guide them to the nectary, usually at the base of the flower tube. Androecium (male Parts or stamens) Gynoecium (female Parts or carpels or pistil) It is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary. Each pistil is constructed of one to many rolled leaflike structures. Stigma This is the part of the pistil which receives the pollen grains and on which they germinate. Style This is the long stalk that the stigma sits on top of. Ovary The part of the plant that contains the ovules. Ovule The part of the ovary that becomes the seeds. Petal The colorful, often bright part of the flower (corolla). Sepal The parts that look like little green leaves that cover the outside of a flower bud (calix). (Undifferentiated "Perianth segment" that are not clearly differentiated into sepals and petals, take the names of tepals.)"
The following details come from Nectary Genomics:- "NECTAR. Many flowering plants attract potential pollinators by offering a reward of floral nectar. The primary solutes found in most nectars are varying ratios of sucrose, glucose and fructose, which can range from as little a 8% (w/w) in some species to as high as 80% in others. This abundance of simple sugars has resulted in the general perception that nectar consists of little more than sugar-water; however, numerous studies indicate that it is actually a complex mixture of components. Additional compounds found in a variety of nectars include other sugars, all 20 standard amino acids, phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, vitamins, organic acids, oils, free fatty acids, metal ions and proteins. NECTARIES. An organ known as the floral nectary is responsible for producing the complex mixture of compounds found in nectar. Nectaries can occur in different areas of flowers, and often take on diverse forms in different species, even to the point of being used for taxonomic purposes. Nectaries undergo remarkable morphological and metabolic changes during the course of floral development. For example, it is known that pre-secretory nectaries in a number of species accumulate large amounts of starch, which is followed by a rapid degradation of amyloplast granules just prior to anthesis and nectar secretion. These sugars presumably serve as a source of nectar carbohydrate. WHY STUDY NECTAR? Nearly one-third of all worldwide crops are dependent on animals to achieve efficient pollination. In addition, U.S. pollinator-dependent crops have been estimated to have an annual value of up to $15 billion. Many crop species are largely self-incompatible (not self-fertile) and almost entirely on animal pollinators to achieve full fecundity; poor pollinator visitation has been reported to reduce yields of certain species by up to 50%." |
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The following details about DOUBLE FLOWERS comes from Wikipedia:- "Double-flowered" describes varieties of flowers with extra petals, often containing flowers within flowers. The double-flowered trait is often noted alongside the scientific name with the abbreviation fl. pl. (flore pleno, a Latin ablative form meaning "with full flower"). The first abnormality to be documented in flowers, double flowers are popular varieties of many commercial flower types, including roses, camellias and carnations. In some double-flowered varieties all of the reproductive organs are converted to petals — as a result, they are sexually sterile and must be propagated through cuttings. Many double-flowered plants have little wildlife value as access to the nectaries is typically blocked by the mutation.
There is further photographic, diagramatic and text about Double Flowers from an education department - dept.ca.uky.edu - in the University of Kentucky in America.
"Meet the plant hunter obsessed with double-flowering blooms" - an article from The Telegraph. |
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The Garden Style chosen at the beginning defines what a garden should look like. Following this choice of Garden Style, then:-
Plant Association shows which plant combinations give pleasing flower or foliage colour combinations, then Plant Type gives growing conditions of a family of plants - ie Primulas - with lists of primulas with the same flower colour, foliage colour or height and where is suitable for those plants, followed by Plant Species gives data about a family of plants in a restricted format - ie without lists - as the lowest level of useful information (unless you are prepared to read the text in a whole book each time you want to use this particular species of plant).
Gardening gives general information on how to garden for the whole garden. Garden Cultivation gives specific information on veg, fruit, lawn, pond, etc. Garden Pests details garden pests/diseases and their control.
Practical Projects gives details on how to construct hard landscaping. |
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Ground Cover Herbs from Seed I often get asked what herbs are suited as ground covers. Customers tell me, "I hate cutting grass," or "I like trying something completely different, and I don't mind if my neighbours think I'm crazy to dig up my lawn." Herbal ground covers are very different, but their pleasing leaf textures and often showy masses of colour are becoming more popular in place of grass. Being the tough little critters they are, they need next to no care once established. And if you don't mind foliage and flowers that tickle your ankles and beyond, you can dispense with the weekly trysts with the lawnmower to keep things trim and proper. The biggest problem with herbal lawns is the start up cost. Regrettably, some of the finest low growing herbs are only increased by cuttings or division – the flowerless variety of english chamomile, Treneague, is a notable example. You need the payroll of a CEO to afford enough plants for an instant lawn. Or, you need the patience for many seasons of divide and spread to cover much ground starting with a few plants. Fortunately there are several good choices for herbs you can grow from seed. By far the most popular is wild thyme (Thymus praecox subsp. articus), also known as mother-of-thyme. It grows 4 to 6 inches high, has masses of rose-pink flowers in July, and grows fast enough to crowd out weeds. At 110,000 seeds per ounce, the seeds are very fine, much smaller than grass seeds, so it is a good idea to mix seeds with a filler like sand to avoid dropping 90% of your seed in 10% of the area to be covered. We recommend an ounce of seed per 1000 square feet. In the kitchen wild thyme is not commonly regarded as a culinary herb in North America, but European cooks have long used it in meat dishes just like the more famous English and French thymes (Thymus vulgaris). If nothing else, wild thyme will at least drive you from drink should you dare to consumer alcohol and the leaves at the same time. The combination causes a mother-of-a-hangover! Another popular choice for lawnless lawns is yarrow (Achillea millefolium). While its white, red or pink flowering stalks can reach a foot in height, its dense, many-divided leaves make for a cushion lawn that just invites a picnic, a snooze or other prostrate activities. I have seen yarrow used very successfully in small urban settings. especially under partial shade. If the flowers get too high, one or two runs a season with the lawnmower will keep things in check. Yarrow seeds are small and light, lighter than wild thyme. there are 175,000 seeds per ounce, and an ounce per 2500 square feet is the recommended sowing rate. Yarrow tea is insurance for colds and flus, which is a good thing if you are going to lie around in your lawn a lot. If you don't mind a more rangy and taller cover, Fassen's catnip (Nepeta x faassenii) is a good aromatic choice, growing up to 12 inches in height. Don't worry, cats are not as enamoured by this variety as they are by the much taller growing regular catnip (Nepeta cataria). Sow an ounce per 600 square feet. Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) is a good choice for warmer, sunny locales. It is a perennial, hardy to zone 6, with finely divided emerald leaves. The small daisy-like flowers are, of course, used to make the popular herbal tea. Be forewarned, there are those who insist that tea made from the Roman (sometimes also known as 'English') is superior to the annual German or Hungarian variety (Matricaria recutita), and there are others who argue just as strenuously the other way. As sides ten to fall along ethnic lines, we prefer to stay out of the debate! In any case, a Roman chamomile lawn is pure enchantment in many landscape settings. Again the seed are very fine – 155,000 per ounce – and one ounce will cover 2000 square feet. As with all seeds this small, it is crucial not to plant too deep; best simply to press the seeds, once broadcast, into the soil using a board or other object with a flat surface. |