Ivydene Gardens Glossary: B |
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Back-bulb (of orchids) A dormant, old pseudobulb without leaves. Backfill To fill in a planting hole around a plant’s roots with a soil mix. Balled 1) Of trees and shrubs that have been lifted and had their root ball wrapped in hessian or other material to keep it intact during transplanting; 2) of a flower that does not open properly and rots when still in bud. Bare-root Of plants sold with their roots bare of soil. Bark-ringing The removal of a ring of bark from the trunk or branches of certain fruit trees to reduce vigorous growth and to encourage fruit cropping. Basal plate A compressed stem part of a bulb. Base dressing An application of fertiliser or humus (manure, compost, etc.) applied to or dug into the soil prior to sowing or planting.
Basin irrigation A form of irrigation whereby soil is scooped out from around the plant or made to form a ridge around it creating basin into which water is introduced. Bed system A method of planting vegetable crops in closely spaced rows, often in blocks or narrow beds for easy access. Bedding plants Annuals and biennials (or plants grown as such) raised almost to maturity and then planted out, “bedded out”, often in large blocks for temporary display. Biennial A plant that flowers and dies in the second growing season after germination (see also Annual, Perennial). Biennial bearing The production of a heavy fruit crop in alternate years, with little or no blossom or fruit in the intervening years. Blanch To exclude light from developing leaves or stems in order to keep the plant tissue soft and palatable. Bleed To lose sap through a cut or wound. Blind Of a plant that fails to produce flowers, or a stem in which the growing point has been damaged. Bloom 1) A flower or blossom; 2) a waxy, white or bluish-white coating on a stem, leaf, or fruit. Blown Of flowers or hearted vegetables that are past full maturity and fading. Bog plant A plant whose natural habitat is soil that is permanently damp, or one that thrives in such conditions. Bole The trunk of a tree from ground level to the first major branch. Bolt To produce flowers and seed prematurely. Bower A shady, leafy shelter or recess (see also Arbour). Bract A modified, often protective, leaf at the base of a flower or flower cluster. Bracts may resemble normal leaves, or be small and scale-like, or large and brightly coloured. Branch A shoot arising from the main stem or trunk of a woody plant. Brassica A member of the cabbage family. Break A shoot growing from an axillary bud. Broadcasting Scattering seed or fertiliser evenly over the ground, rather than in furrows or drills. Broad-leaved Of trees or shrubs that bear broad, flat leaves rather than needle-like foliage. Bromeliad A member of the family Bromeliaceae. Bud A rudimentarv or condensed shoot containing an embryonic leaf, leaf cluster, or flower. Adventitious bud: one produced abnormally, for example from the stem instead of from a leaf axil. Apical (or terminal) bud: the topmost bud on a stem. Axillary bud: one that occurs in an axil. Crown bud: a flower bud at the shoot tip surrounded by other usually smaller, flower buds. Fruit bud: one from which leaves and flowers (followed by fruits) develop. Growth bud: one from which only leaves or a shoot develop. Bud union The point at which the scion bud unites with the rootstock. Budding Bud-grafting, a form of grafting. Budwood A shoot cut from a tree to provide a scion for bud-grafting. Bulb A modified stem acting as a storage organ and consisting mainly of fleshy, more or less separate or tightly packed, scale leaves (a modified bud) on a much reduced stem (basal plate). Bulb fibre A mixture of peat, oyster shell, and charcoal, in which bulbs are grown in containers, often without drainage holes. Bulbil A small bulb-like organ, often borne in a leaf axil, occasionally on a stem or in a flowerhead. Bulblet A small developing bulb produced from the basal plate of a mature bulb outside the tunic. Bush 1) A small shrub; 2) An open-centre fruit tree with a trunk of 90cm (3ft) or less. Bush fruit: used of soft fruit bushes such as blackcurrants and gooseberries. |
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. STORAGE OF BALLS - CANNON BALLS !!!
It was necessary to keep a good supply of cannon balls near the cannon on old war ships. But how to prevent them from rolling about the deck was the problem. The best storage method devised was to stack them as a square based pyramid, with one ball on top, resting on four, resting on nine, which rested on sixteen. Thus, a supply of 30 cannon balls could be stacked in a small area right next to the cannon. There was only one problem -- how to prevent the bottom layer from sliding/rolling from under the others. The solution was a metal plate with 16 round indentations, called, for reasons unknown, a Monkey. But if this plate were made of iron, the iron balls would quickly rust to it. The solution to the rusting problem was to make them of brass - hence, Brass Monkeys. Few landlubbers realize that brass contracts much more and much faster than iron when chilled. Consequently, when the temperature dropped too far, the brass indentations would shrink so much that the iron cannon balls would come right off the monkey. Thus, it was quite literally, cold enough to freeze the balls off a brass monkey. And all this time, you thought that was just a weird expression, didn't you? . |
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Site design and content copyright ©December 2006. Page structure amended October 2012. Glossary Index added to New Page Template March 2016. Chris Garnons-Williams. DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site. See |
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EU Directive No. 456179 |
THE 2 EUREKA EFFECT PAGES FOR UNDERSTANDING SOIL AND HOW PLANTS INTERACT WITH IT OUT OF 10,000:-
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when I do not have my own or ones from mail-order nursery photos , then from March 2016, if you want to start from the uppermost design levels through to your choice of cultivated and wildflower plants to change your Plant Selection Process then use the following galleries:-
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There are other pages on Plants which bloom in each month of the year in this website:-
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The following details come from Cactus Art:- "A flower is the the complex sexual reproductive structure of Angiosperms, typically consisting of an axis bearing perianth parts, androecium (male) and gynoecium (female). Bisexual flower show four distinctive parts arranged in rings inside each other which are technically modified leaves: Sepal, petal, stamen & pistil. This flower is referred to as complete (with all four parts) and perfect (with "male" stamens and "female" pistil). The ovary ripens into a fruit and the ovules inside develop into seeds. Incomplete flowers are lacking one or more of the four main parts. Imperfect (unisexual) flowers contain a pistil or stamens, but not both. The colourful parts of a flower and its scent attract pollinators and guide them to the nectary, usually at the base of the flower tube. Androecium (male Parts or stamens) Gynoecium (female Parts or carpels or pistil) It is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary. Each pistil is constructed of one to many rolled leaflike structures. Stigma This is the part of the pistil which receives the pollen grains and on which they germinate. Style This is the long stalk that the stigma sits on top of. Ovary The part of the plant that contains the ovules. Ovule The part of the ovary that becomes the seeds. Petal The colorful, often bright part of the flower (corolla). Sepal The parts that look like little green leaves that cover the outside of a flower bud (calix). (Undifferentiated "Perianth segment" that are not clearly differentiated into sepals and petals, take the names of tepals.)"
The following details come from Nectary Genomics:- "NECTAR. Many flowering plants attract potential pollinators by offering a reward of floral nectar. The primary solutes found in most nectars are varying ratios of sucrose, glucose and fructose, which can range from as little a 8% (w/w) in some species to as high as 80% in others. This abundance of simple sugars has resulted in the general perception that nectar consists of little more than sugar-water; however, numerous studies indicate that it is actually a complex mixture of components. Additional compounds found in a variety of nectars include other sugars, all 20 standard amino acids, phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, vitamins, organic acids, oils, free fatty acids, metal ions and proteins. NECTARIES. An organ known as the floral nectary is responsible for producing the complex mixture of compounds found in nectar. Nectaries can occur in different areas of flowers, and often take on diverse forms in different species, even to the point of being used for taxonomic purposes. Nectaries undergo remarkable morphological and metabolic changes during the course of floral development. For example, it is known that pre-secretory nectaries in a number of species accumulate large amounts of starch, which is followed by a rapid degradation of amyloplast granules just prior to anthesis and nectar secretion. These sugars presumably serve as a source of nectar carbohydrate. WHY STUDY NECTAR? Nearly one-third of all worldwide crops are dependent on animals to achieve efficient pollination. In addition, U.S. pollinator-dependent crops have been estimated to have an annual value of up to $15 billion. Many crop species are largely self-incompatible (not self-fertile) and almost entirely on animal pollinators to achieve full fecundity; poor pollinator visitation has been reported to reduce yields of certain species by up to 50%." |
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The following details about DOUBLE FLOWERS comes from Wikipedia:- "Double-flowered" describes varieties of flowers with extra petals, often containing flowers within flowers. The double-flowered trait is often noted alongside the scientific name with the abbreviation fl. pl. (flore pleno, a Latin ablative form meaning "with full flower"). The first abnormality to be documented in flowers, double flowers are popular varieties of many commercial flower types, including roses, camellias and carnations. In some double-flowered varieties all of the reproductive organs are converted to petals — as a result, they are sexually sterile and must be propagated through cuttings. Many double-flowered plants have little wildlife value as access to the nectaries is typically blocked by the mutation.
There is further photographic, diagramatic and text about Double Flowers from an education department - dept.ca.uky.edu - in the University of Kentucky in America.
"Meet the plant hunter obsessed with double-flowering blooms" - an article from The Telegraph. |
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The Garden Style chosen at the beginning defines what a garden should look like. Following this choice of Garden Style, then:-
Plant Association shows which plant combinations give pleasing flower or foliage colour combinations, then Plant Type gives growing conditions of a family of plants - ie Primulas - with lists of primulas with the same flower colour, foliage colour or height and where is suitable for those plants, followed by Plant Species gives data about a family of plants in a restricted format - ie without lists - as the lowest level of useful information (unless you are prepared to read the text in a whole book each time you want to use this particular species of plant).
Gardening gives general information on how to garden for the whole garden. Garden Cultivation gives specific information on veg, fruit, lawn, pond, etc. Garden Pests details garden pests/diseases and their control.
Practical Projects gives details on how to construct hard landscaping. |
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Ground Cover Herbs from Seed I often get asked what herbs are suited as ground covers. Customers tell me, "I hate cutting grass," or "I like trying something completely different, and I don't mind if my neighbours think I'm crazy to dig up my lawn." Herbal ground covers are very different, but their pleasing leaf textures and often showy masses of colour are becoming more popular in place of grass. Being the tough little critters they are, they need next to no care once established. And if you don't mind foliage and flowers that tickle your ankles and beyond, you can dispense with the weekly trysts with the lawnmower to keep things trim and proper. The biggest problem with herbal lawns is the start up cost. Regrettably, some of the finest low growing herbs are only increased by cuttings or division – the flowerless variety of english chamomile, Treneague, is a notable example. You need the payroll of a CEO to afford enough plants for an instant lawn. Or, you need the patience for many seasons of divide and spread to cover much ground starting with a few plants. Fortunately there are several good choices for herbs you can grow from seed. By far the most popular is wild thyme (Thymus praecox subsp. articus), also known as mother-of-thyme. It grows 4 to 6 inches high, has masses of rose-pink flowers in July, and grows fast enough to crowd out weeds. At 110,000 seeds per ounce, the seeds are very fine, much smaller than grass seeds, so it is a good idea to mix seeds with a filler like sand to avoid dropping 90% of your seed in 10% of the area to be covered. We recommend an ounce of seed per 1000 square feet. In the kitchen wild thyme is not commonly regarded as a culinary herb in North America, but European cooks have long used it in meat dishes just like the more famous English and French thymes (Thymus vulgaris). If nothing else, wild thyme will at least drive you from drink should you dare to consumer alcohol and the leaves at the same time. The combination causes a mother-of-a-hangover! Another popular choice for lawnless lawns is yarrow (Achillea millefolium). While its white, red or pink flowering stalks can reach a foot in height, its dense, many-divided leaves make for a cushion lawn that just invites a picnic, a snooze or other prostrate activities. I have seen yarrow used very successfully in small urban settings. especially under partial shade. If the flowers get too high, one or two runs a season with the lawnmower will keep things in check. Yarrow seeds are small and light, lighter than wild thyme. there are 175,000 seeds per ounce, and an ounce per 2500 square feet is the recommended sowing rate. Yarrow tea is insurance for colds and flus, which is a good thing if you are going to lie around in your lawn a lot. If you don't mind a more rangy and taller cover, Fassen's catnip (Nepeta x faassenii) is a good aromatic choice, growing up to 12 inches in height. Don't worry, cats are not as enamoured by this variety as they are by the much taller growing regular catnip (Nepeta cataria). Sow an ounce per 600 square feet. Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) is a good choice for warmer, sunny locales. It is a perennial, hardy to zone 6, with finely divided emerald leaves. The small daisy-like flowers are, of course, used to make the popular herbal tea. Be forewarned, there are those who insist that tea made from the Roman (sometimes also known as 'English') is superior to the annual German or Hungarian variety (Matricaria recutita), and there are others who argue just as strenuously the other way. As sides ten to fall along ethnic lines, we prefer to stay out of the debate! In any case, a Roman chamomile lawn is pure enchantment in many landscape settings. Again the seed are very fine – 155,000 per ounce – and one ounce will cover 2000 square feet. As with all seeds this small, it is crucial not to plant too deep; best simply to press the seeds, once broadcast, into the soil using a board or other object with a flat surface. |