Roses grow in Chalk

Topic
Plants detailed in this website by
Botanical Name
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, X, Y, Z ,
Bulb
A1, 2, 3, B, C1, 2,
D, E, F, G, Glad,
H, I, J, K, L1, 2,
M, N, O, P, Q, R,
S, T, U, V, W, XYZ ,
Evergreen Perennial
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, X, Y, Z ,
Herbaceous Perennial
A1, 2, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, I, J, K, L, M,
N, O, P1, 2, Q, R,
S, T, U, V, W, XYZ,
Diascia Photo Album,
UK Peony Index
Wildflower
Botanical Names,
Common Names ,
will be compared in:- Flower colour/month
Evergreen Perennial,
Flower shape Wildflower Flower Shape and
Plant use
Evergreen Perennial Flower Shape,
Bee plants for hay-fever sufferers
Bee-Pollinated Index
Butterfly
Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis, Butterfly Usage of Plants.
Chalk
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, QR, S, T, UV,
WXYZ
Companion Planting
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R , S, T,
U ,V, W, X, Y, Z,
Pest Control using Plants
Fern Fern
1000 Ground Cover A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, XYZ ,
Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M,
NO, PQ, R, S, T,
UVWXYZ
Rose Rose Use
These 5 have Page links in rows below
Bulbs from the Infill Galleries (next row), Camera Photos,
Plant Colour Wheel Uses,
Sense of Fragrance, Wild Flower

Case Studies
...Drive Foundations
Ryegrass and turf kills plants within Roadstone and in Topsoil due to it starving and dehydrating them.
CEDAdrive creates stable drive surface and drains rain into your ground, rather than onto the public road.
8 problems caused by building house on clay or with house-wall attached to clay.
Pre-building work on polluted soil.

Companion Planting
to provide a Companion Plant to aid your selected plant or deter its pests

Garden
Construction
with ground drains

Garden Design
...How to Use the Colour Wheel Concepts for Selection of Flowers, Foliage and Flower Shape
...RHS Mixed
Borders
......Bedding Plants
......Her Perennials
......Other Plants
......Camera photos of Plant supports
Garden
Maintenance
Glossary with a tomato teaching cauliflowers
Home
Library of over 1000 books
Offbeat Glossary with DuLally Bird in its flower clock.

Plants
...in Chalk
(Alkaline) Soil
......A-F1, A-F2,
......A-F3, G-L, M-R,
......M-R Roses, S-Z
...in Heavy
Clay Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z
...in Lime-Free
(Acid) Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z
...in Light
Sand Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z.
...Poisonous Plants.
...Extra Plant Pages
with its 6 Plant Selection Levels

Soil
...Interaction between 2 Quartz Sand Grains to make soil
...How roots of plants are in control in the soil
...Without replacing Soil Nutrients, the soil will break up to only clay, sand or silt
...Subsidence caused by water in Clay
...Use water ring for trees/shrubs for first 2 years.

Tool Shed with 3 kneeling pads
Useful Data with benefits of Seaweed

Topic -
Plant Photo Galleries
If the plant type below has flowers, then the first gallery will include the flower thumbnail in each month of 1 of 6 colour comparison pages of each plant in its subsidiary galleries, as a low-level Plant Selection Process
Aquatic
Bamboo
Bedding
...by Flower Shape

Bulb
...Allium/ Anemone
...Autumn
...Colchicum/ Crocus
...Dahlia
...Gladiolus with its 40 Flower Colours
......European A-E
......European F-M
......European N-Z
......European Non-classified
......American A,
B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M,
N, O, P, Q, R, S,
T, U, V, W, XYZ
......American Non-classified
......Australia - empty
......India
......Lithuania
...Hippeastrum/ Lily
...Late Summer
...Narcissus
...Spring
...Tulip
...Winter
...Each of the above ...Bulb Galleries has its own set of Flower Colour Pages
...Flower Shape
...Bulb Form
...Bulb Use
...Bulb in Soil

Further details on bulbs from the Infill Galleries:-
Hardy Bulbs
...Aconitum
...Allium
...Alstroemeria
...Anemone
...Amaryllis
...Anthericum
...Antholyzas
...Apios
...Arisaema
...Arum
...Asphodeline
...Asphodelus
...Belamcanda
...Bloomeria
...Brodiaea
...Bulbocodium
...Calochorti
...Cyclobothrias
...Camassia
...Colchicum
...Convallaria  ...Forcing Lily of the Valley
...Corydalis
...Crinum
...Crosmia
...Montbretia
...Crocus
...Cyclamen
...Dicentra
...Dierama
...Eranthis
...Eremurus
...Erythrnium
...Eucomis
...Fritillaria
...Funkia
...Galanthus
...Galtonia
...Gladiolus
...Hemerocallis
...Hyacinth
...Hyacinths in Pots
...Scilla
...Puschkinia
...Chionodoxa
...Chionoscilla
...Muscari
...Iris
...Kniphofia
...Lapeyrousia
...Leucojum
...Lilium
...Lilium in Pots
...Malvastrum
...Merendera
...Milla
...Narcissus
...Narcissi in Pots
...Ornithogalum
...Oxalis
...Paeonia
...Ranunculus
...Romulea
...Sanguinaria
...Sternbergia
...Schizostylis
...Tecophilaea
...Trillium
...Tulip
...Zephyranthus
Half-Hardy Bulbs
...Acidanthera
...Albuca
...Alstroemeri
...Andro-stephium
...Bassers
...Boussing-aultias
...Bravoas
...Cypellas
...Dahlias
...Galaxis,
...Geissorhizas
...Hesperanthas
...Gladioli
...Ixias
...Sparaxises
...Babianas
...Morphixias
...Tritonias
...Ixiolirions
...Moraeas
...Ornithogalums
...Oxalises
...Phaedra-nassas
...Pancratiums
...Tigridias
...Zephyranthes
...Cooperias
Uses of Bulbs:-
...for Bedding
...in Windowboxes
...in Border
...naturalized in Grass
...in Bulb Frame
...in Woodland Garden
...in Rock Garden
...in Bowls
...in Alpine House
...Bulbs in Green-house or Stove:-
...Achimenes
...Alocasias
...Amorpho-phalluses
...Arisaemas
...Arums
...Begonias
...Bomareas
...Caladiums
...Clivias
...Colocasias
...Crinums
...Cyclamens
...Cyrtanthuses
...Eucharises
...Urceocharis
...Eurycles
...Freesias
...Gloxinias
...Haemanthus
...Hippeastrums
...Lachenalias
...Nerines
...Lycorises
...Pencratiums
...Hymenocallises
...Richardias
...Sprekelias
...Tuberoses
...Vallotas
...Watsonias
...Zephyranthes
...Plant Bedding in
......Spring
......Summer
...Bulb houseplants flowering during:-
......January
......February
......March
......April
......May
......June
......July
......August
......September
......October
......November
......December
...Bulbs and other types of plant flowering during:-
......Dec-Jan
......Feb-Mar
......Apr-May
......Jun-Aug
......Sep-Oct
......Nov-Dec
...Selection of the smaller and choicer plants for the Smallest of Gardens with plant flowering during the same 6 periods as in the previous selection

Climber in
3 Sector Vertical Plant System
...Clematis
...Climbers
Conifer
Deciduous Shrub
...Shrubs - Decid
Deciduous Tree
...Trees - Decid
Evergreen Perennial
...P-Evergreen A-L
...P-Evergreen M-Z
...Flower Shape
Evergreen Shrub
...Shrubs - Evergreen
...Heather Shrub
...Heather Index
......Andromeda
......Bruckenthalia
......Calluna
......Daboecia
......Erica: Carnea
......Erica: Cinerea
......Erica: Others
Evergreen Tree
...Trees - Evergreen
Fern
Grass
Hedging
Herbaceous
Perennial
...P -Herbaceous
...Peony
...Flower Shape
...RHS Wisley
......Mixed Border
......Other Borders
Herb
Odds and Sods
Rhododendron

Rose
...RHS Wisley A-F
...RHS Wisley G-R
...RHS Wisley S-Z
...Rose Use - page links in row 6. Rose, RHS Wisley and Other Roses rose indices on each Rose Use page
...Other Roses A-F
...Other Roses G-R
...Other Roses S-Z
Pruning Methods
Photo Index R 1, 2, 3
Peter Beales Roses
RV Roger Roses

Soft Fruit
Top Fruit
...Apple
...Cherry
...Pear
Vegetable
Wild Flower and
Butterfly page links are in next row

Topic -
UK Butterfly:-
...Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage
of Plants.
...Plant Usage by
Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly.

Both native wildflowers and cultivated plants, with these
...Flower Shape,
...Uses in USA,
...Uses in UK and
...Flo Cols / month are used by Butter-flies native in UK

Wild Flower with its wildflower flower colour page, space,
data page(s).
...Blue Site Map.
Scented Flower, Foliage, Root.
Story of their Common Names.
Use of Plant with Flowers.
Use for Non-Flowering Plants.
Edible Plant Parts.
Flower Legend.
Flowering plants of Chalk and
Limestone 1, 2.
Flowering plants of Acid Soil 1.
...Brown Botanical Names.
Food for
Butterfly/Moth.
...Cream Common Names.
Coastal and Dunes.
Sandy Shores and Dunes.
...Green Broad-leaved Woods.
...Mauve Grassland - Acid, Neutral, Chalk.
...Multi-Cols Heaths and Moors.
...Orange Hedge-rows and Verges.
...Pink A-G Lakes, Canals and Rivers.
...Pink H-Z Marshes, Fens, Bogs.
...Purple Old Buildings and Walls.
...Red Pinewoods.
...White A-D
Saltmarshes.
Shingle Beaches, Rocks and Cliff Tops.
...White E-P Other.
...White Q-Z Number of Petals.
...Yellow A-G
Pollinator.
...Yellow H-Z
Poisonous Parts.
...Shrub/Tree River Banks and other Freshwater Margins. and together with cultivated plants in
Colour Wheel.

You know its
name:-
a-h, i-p, q-z,
Botanical Names, or Common Names,
habitat:-
on Acid Soil,
on Calcareous
(Chalk) Soil,
on Marine Soil,
on Neutral Soil,
is a Fern,
is a Grass,
is a Rush,
is a Sedge, or
is Poisonous.

Each plant in each WILD FLOWER FAMILY PAGE will have a link to:-
1) its created Plant Description Page in its Common Name column, then external sites:-
2) to purchase the plant or seed in its Botanical Name column,
3) to see photos in its Flowering Months column and
4) to read habitat details in its Habitat Column.
Adder's Tongue
Amaranth
Arrow-Grass
Arum
Balsam
Bamboo
Barberry
Bedstraw
Beech
Bellflower
Bindweed
Birch
Birds-Nest
Birthwort
Bogbean
Bog Myrtle
Borage
Box
Broomrape
Buckthorn
Buddleia
Bur-reed
Buttercup
Butterwort
Cornel (Dogwood)
Crowberry
Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 1
Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 2
Cypress
Daffodil
Daisy
Daisy Cudweeds
Daisy Chamomiles
Daisy Thistle
Daisy Catsears Daisy Hawkweeds
Daisy Hawksbeards
Daphne
Diapensia
Dock Bistorts
Dock Sorrels
Clubmoss
Duckweed
Eel-Grass
Elm
Filmy Fern
Horsetail
Polypody
Quillwort
Royal Fern
Figwort - Mulleins
Figwort - Speedwells
Flax
Flowering-Rush
Frog-bit
Fumitory
Gentian
Geranium
Glassworts
Gooseberry
Goosefoot
Grass 1
Grass 2
Grass 3
Grass Soft
Bromes 1
Grass Soft
Bromes 2
Grass Soft
Bromes 3
Hazel
Heath
Hemp
Herb-Paris
Holly
Honeysuckle
Horned-Pondweed
Hornwort
Iris
Ivy
Jacobs Ladder
Lily
Lily Garlic
Lime
Lobelia
Loosestrife
Mallow
Maple
Mares-tail
Marsh Pennywort
Melon (Gourd/Cucumber)
Mesem-bryanthemum
Mignonette
Milkwort
Mistletoe
Moschatel
Naiad
Nettle
Nightshade
Oleaster
Olive
Orchid 1
Orchid 2
Orchid 3
Orchid 4
Parnassus-Grass
Peaflower
Peaflower
Clover 1
Peaflower
Clover 2
Peaflower
Clover 3
Peaflower Vetches/Peas
Peony
Periwinkle
Pillwort
Pine
Pink 1
Pink 2
Pipewort
Pitcher-Plant
Plantain
Pondweed
Poppy
Primrose
Purslane
Rannock Rush
Reedmace
Rockrose
Rose 1
Rose 2
Rose 3
Rose 4
Rush
Rush Woodrushes
Saint Johns Wort
Saltmarsh Grasses
Sandalwood
Saxifrage
Seaheath
Sea Lavender
Sedge Rush-like
Sedges Carex 1
Sedges Carex 2
Sedges Carex 3
Sedges Carex 4
Spindle-Tree
Spurge
Stonecrop
Sundew
Tamarisk
Tassel Pondweed
Teasel
Thyme 1
Thyme 2
Umbellifer 1
Umbellifer 2
Valerian
Verbena
Violet
Water Fern
Waterlily
Water Milfoil
Water Plantain
W ater Starwort
Waterwort
Willow
Willow-Herb
Wintergreen
Wood-Sorrel
Yam
Yew

Topic -
The following is a complete hierarchical Plant Selection Process
dependent on the Garden Style chosen
Garden Style
...Infill Plants
...12 Bloom Colours per Month Index
...12 Foliage Colours per Month Index
...All Plants Index
...Cultivation, Position, Use Index
...Shape, Form
Index

Topic -
Flower/Foliage Colour Wheel Galleries with number of colours as a high-level Plant Selection Process

All Flowers 53 with
...Use of Plant and
Flower Shape - page links in bottom row

All Foliage 53
instead of redundant
...(All Foliage 212)

All Flowers
per Month 12

Bee instead of wind pollinated plants for hay-fever sufferers
All Bee-Pollinated Flowers
per Month 12
...Index

Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers
Rock Plant Flowers 53 INDEX
A, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, I, J, K, L,
M, NO, PQ, R, S,
T, UVWXYZ
...Rock Plant Photos

Flower Colour Wheel without photos, but with links to photos
12 Bloom Colours
per Month Index
...All Plants Index

Topic -
Use of Plant in your Plant Selection Process

Plant Colour Wheel Uses
with
1. Perfect general use soil is composed of 8.3% lime, 16.6% humus, 25% clay and 50% sand, and
2. Why you are continually losing the SOIL STRUCTURE so your soil - will revert to clay, chalk, sand or silt.
Uses of Plant and Flower Shape:-
...Foliage Only
...Other than Green Foliage
...Trees in Lawn
...Trees in Small Gardens
...Wildflower Garden
...Attract Bird
...Attract Butterfly
1, 2
...Climber on House Wall
...Climber not on House Wall
...Climber in Tree
...Rabbit-Resistant
...Woodland
...Pollution Barrier
...Part Shade
...Full Shade
...Single Flower provides Pollen for Bees
1, 2, 3
...Ground-Cover
<60cm
60-180cm
>180cm
...Hedge
...Wind-swept
...Covering Banks
...Patio Pot
...Edging Borders
...Back of Border
...Poisonous
...Adjacent to Water
...Bog Garden
...Tolerant of Poor Soil
...Winter-Flowering
...Fragrant
...Not Fragrant
...Exhibition
...Standard Plant is 'Ball on Stick'
...Upright Branches or Sword-shaped leaves
...Plant to Prevent Entry to Human or Animal
...Coastal Conditions
...Tolerant on North-facing Wall
...Cut Flower
...Potted Veg Outdoors
...Potted Veg Indoors
...Thornless
...Raised Bed Outdoors Veg
...Grow in Alkaline Soil A-F, G-L, M-R,
S-Z
...Grow in Acidic Soil
...Grow in Any Soil
...Grow in Rock Garden
...Grow Bulbs Indoors

Uses of Bedding
...Bedding Out
...Filling In
...Screen-ing
...Pots and Troughs
...Window Boxes
...Hanging Baskets
...Spring Bedding
...Summer Bedding
...Winter Bedding
...Foliage instead of Flower
...Coleus Bedding Photos for use in Public Domain 1

Uses of Bulb
...Other than Only Green Foliage
...Bedding or Mass Planting
...Ground-Cover
...Cut-Flower
...Tolerant of Shade
...In Woodland Areas
...Under-plant
...Tolerant of Poor Soil
...Covering Banks
...In Water
...Beside Stream or Water Garden
...Coastal Conditions
...Edging Borders
...Back of Border or Back-ground Plant
...Fragrant Flowers
...Not Fragrant Flowers
...Indoor
House-plant
...Grow in a Patio Pot
...Grow in an Alpine Trough
...Grow in an Alpine House
...Grow in Rock Garden
...Speciman Plant
...Into Native Plant Garden
...Naturalize in Grass
...Grow in Hanging Basket
...Grow in Window-box
...Grow in Green-house
...Grow in Scree
...Naturalized Plant Area
...Grow in Cottage Garden
...Attracts Butterflies
...Attracts Bees
...Resistant to Wildlife
...Bulb in Soil:-
......Chalk
......Clay
......Sand
......Lime-Free (Acid)
......Peat

Uses of Rose
Rose Index
...Bedding 1, 2
...Climber /Pillar
...Cut-Flower 1, 2
...Exhibition, Speciman
...Ground-Cover
...Grow In A Container 1, 2
...Hedge 1, 2
...Climber in Tree
...Woodland
...Edging Borders
...Tolerant of Poor Soil 1, 2
...Tolerant of Shade
...Back of Border
...Adjacent to Water
...Page for rose use as ARCH ROSE, PERGOLA ROSE, COASTAL CONDITIONS ROSE, WALL ROSE, STANDARD ROSE, COVERING BANKS, THORNLESS ROSES, VERY THORNY ROSES, or ROSE ORNAMENTAL FOLIAGE.
...FRAGRANT ROSES
...NOT FRAGRANT ROSES

Topic -
Camera Photo Galleries showing all 4000 x 3000 pixels of each photo on your screen that you can then click and drag it to your desktop as part of a Plant Selection Process:-

RHS Garden at Wisley
Plant Supports -
When supporting plants in a bed, it is found that not only do those plants grow upwards, but also they expand their roots and footpad sideways each year. Pages
1, 2, 3, 8, 11,
12, 13,
Plants 4, 7, 10,
Bedding Plants 5,
Plant Supports for Unknown Plants 5,
Clematis Climbers 6,
the RHS does not appear to either follow it's own pruning advice or advice from The Pruning of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers by George E. Brown.
ISBN 0-571-11084-3 with the plants in Pages 1-7 of this folder. You can see from looking at both these resources as to whether the pruning carried out on the remainder of the plants in Pages 7-15 was correct.
Narcissus (Daffodil) 9,
Phlox Plant Supports 14, 15

Coleus Bedding Foliage Trial - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, Index

National Trust Garden at Sissinghurst Castle
Plant Supports -
Pages for Gallery 1
with Plant Supports
1, 5, 10
Plants
2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9,
11, 12
Recommended Rose Pruning Methods 13
Pages for Gallery 2
with Plant Supports
2,
Plants 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Dry Garden of
RHS Garden at
Hyde Hall
Plants - Pages
without Plant Supports
Plants 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Nursery of
Peter Beales Roses
Display Garden
Roses Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13

Nursery of
RV Roger
Roses - Pages
A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,
A6,A7,A8,A9,A10,
A11,A12,A13,A14,
B15,
B16,B17,B18,B19,
B20,
B21,B22,B23,B24,
B25,
B26,B27,B28,B29,
B30,
C31,C32,C33,C34,
C35,
C36,C37,C38,C39,
C40,
C41,CD2,D43,D44,
D45,
D46,D47,D48,D49,
E50,
E51,E52,F53,F54,
F55,
F56,F57,G58,G59,
H60,
H61,I62,K63,L64,
M65,
M66,N67,P68,P69,
P70,
R71,R72,S73,S74,
T75,
V76,Z77, 78,

Damage by Plants in Chilham Village - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4

Pavements of Funchal, Madeira
Damage to Trees - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13
for trees 1-54,
14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
for trees 55-95,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37,
for trees 95-133,
38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
for trees 133-166

Chris Garnons-Williams
Work Done - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13

Identity of Plants
Label Problems - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11

Ron and Christine Foord - 1036 photos only inserted so far - Garden Flowers - Start Page of each Gallery
AB1 ,AN14,BA27,
CH40,CR52,DR63,
FR74,GE85,HE96,

Plant with Photo Index of Ivydene Gardens - 1187
A 1, 2, Photos - 43
B 1, Photos - 13
C 1, Photos - 35
D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
Photos - 411
with Plants causing damage to buildings in Chilham Village and Damage to Trees in Pavements of Funchal
E 1, Photos - 21
F 1, Photos - 1
G 1, Photos - 5
H 1, Photos - 21
I 1, Photos - 8
J 1, Photos - 1
K 1, Photos - 1
L 1, Photos - 85
with Label Problems
M 1, Photos - 9
N 1, Photos - 12
O 1, Photos - 5
P 1, Photos - 54
Q 1, Photos -
R 1, 2, 3,
Photos - 229
S 1, Photos - 111
T 1, Photos - 13
U 1, Photos - 5
V 1, Photos - 4
W 1, Photos - 100
with Work Done by Chris Garnons-Williams
X 1 Photos -
Y 1, Photos -
Z 1 Photos -
Articles/Items in Ivydene Gardens - 88
Flower Colour, Num of Petals, Shape and
Plant Use of:-
Rock Garden
within linked page

Topic -
Fragrant Plants as a Plant Selection Process for your sense of smell:-
Sense of Fragrance from Roy Genders

Fragrant Plants:-
Trees and Shrubs with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for an Acid Soil
1, 2, 3, 4
Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for a
Chalky or Limestone Soil
1, 2, 3, 4
Shrubs bearing Scented leaves for a
Sandy Soil
1, 2, 3
Herbaceous Plants with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3
Annual and Biennial Plants with Scented Flowers or Leaves
1, 2
Bulbs and Corms with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Scented Plants of Climbing and Trailing Habit
1, 2, 3
Winter-flowering Plants with Scented Flowers
1, 2
Night-scented Flowering Plants
1, 2

Topic -
Website User Guidelines

My Gas Service Engineer found Flow and Return pipes incorrectly positioned on gas boilers and customers had refused to have positioning corrected in 2020.

Additional Information

The 2 EUREKA EFFECT PAGES FOR UNDERSTANDING SOIL AND HOW PLANTS INTERACT WITH IT OUT OF 10,000:-

THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE 2 QUARTZ GRAIN SIBLINGS, and
HOW ROOTS OF PLANTS ARE IN CONTROL IN THE SOIL
before continuing in this website.

Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines Page for those photo galleries with Photos (of either ones I have taken myself or others which have been loaned only for use on this website from external sources)

-----------------------------------------------------------

Choose 1 of these different Plant selection Methods:-

1. Choose a plant from 1 of 53 flower colours in the Colour Wheel Gallery.

2. Choose a plant from 1 of 12 flower colours in each month of the year from 12 Bloom Colours per Month Index Gallery.

3. Choose a plant from 1 of 6 flower colours per month for each type of plant:-
Aquatic
Bedding
Bulb
Climber
Conifer
Deciduous Shrub
Deciduous Tree
Evergreen Perennial
Evergreen Shrub
Evergreen Tree
Hedging
Herbaceous Perennial
Herb
Odds and Sods
Rhododendron
Rose
Soft Fruit
Top Fruit
Wild Flower

4. Choose a plant from its Flower Shape:-
Shape, Form
Index
Flower Shape

5. Choose a plant from its foliage:-
Bamboo
Conifer
Fern
Grass
Vegetable

6. There are 6 Plant Selection Levels including Bee Pollinated Plants for Hay Fever Sufferers in
Plants Topic.

7. When I do not have my own or ones from mail-order nursery photos , then from March 2016, if you want to start from the uppermost design levels through to your choice of cultivated and wildflower plants to change your Plant Selection Process then use the following galleries:-

Create and input all plants known by Amateur Gardening inserted into their Sanders' Encyclopaedia from their edition published in 1960 (originally published by them in 1895) into these
- Stage 1 - Garden Style Index Gallery,
  then
- Stage 2 - Infill Plants Index Gallery being the only gallery from these 7 with photos (from Wikimedia Commons) ,
  then
- Stage 3 - All Plants Index Gallery with each plant species in its own Plant Type Page followed by choice from Stage 4a, 4b, 4c and/or 4d REMEMBERING THE CONSTRAINTS ON THE SELECTION FROM THE CHOICES MADE IN STAGES 1 AND 2
- Stage 4a - 12 Bloom Colours per Month Index Gallery,
- Stage 4b - 12 Foliage Colours per Month Index Gallery with
- Stage 4c - Cultivation, Position, Use Index Gallery and
- Stage 4d - Shape, Form Index Gallery
- Unfortunately, if you want to have 100's of choices on selection of plants from 1000's of 1200 pixels wide by up to 16,300 pixels in length webpages, which you can jump to from almost any of the pages in these 7 galleries above, you have to put up with those links to those choices being on
  - the left topic menu table,
  - the header of the middle data table and on
  - the page/index menu table on the right of every page of those galleries.

I like reading and that is shown by the index in my Library, where I provide lists of books to take you between designing, maintaining or building a garden and the hierarchy of books on plants taking you from

the coffee-table book where different blue primrose cultivars occur in the prose on pages 17, 90 and 202,
to ones where there is a table of primrose cultivars with blue flowers on a single page,
to what plants to associate with those blue primroses and
companion plants for them.

There are other pages on Plants which bloom in each month of the year in this website:-

12 Bloom Colours per Month Index
Plants Blue, Orange, Red, Yellow, White, Other Colours which lead on to other pages
Colour Wheel - All Flowers per Month 12
Bedding
Bulb
Climber
Deciduous Shrub
Deciduous Tree
Evergreen Perennial
Evergreen Shrub
Evergreen Tree
Herbaceous Perennial
Rhododendron
Rose
Wild Flower

Plants for Cut Flowers in
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Climber 3 sector Vertical Plant System with flowers in
Jan,
Feb,
Mar,
Apr,
May 1, 2
Jun,
Jul,
Aug,
Sep,
Oct,
Nov,
Dec

Indoor Bulbs for
December
January
February
Indoor Bulbs for
March
April
May
Indoor
Bulbs for
June
July
August
Indoor Bulbs for
September
October
November
Plant Bloom
Dec-Jan
Feb-Mar
Plant Bloom
Apr-May
Jun-Aug
Plant Bloom
Sep-Oct
Nov-Dec

DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site.

Ivydene Horticultural Services logo with I design, construct and maintain private gardens. I also advise and teach you in your own garden. 01634 389677

Ivydene
Horticultural
Services

Before reaching for the pesticides, here are a few alternative natural, non-toxic methods of slug control:

• Watering Schedule - Far and away the best course of action against slugs in your garden is a simple adjustment in the watering schedule. Slugs are most active at night and are most efficient in damp conditions. Avoid watering your garden in the evening if you have a slug problem. Water in the morning - the surface soil will be dry by evening. Studies show this can reduce slug damage by 80%.

• Seaweed - If you have access to seaweed, it's well worth the effort to gather. Seaweed is not only a good soil amendment for the garden, it's a natural repellent for slugs. Mulch with seaweed around the base of plants or perimeter of bed. Pile it on 3" to 4" thick - when it dries it will shrink to just an inch or so deep. Seaweed is salty and slugs avoid salt. Push the seaweed away from plant stems so it's not in direct contact. During hot weather, seaweed will dry and become very rough which also deters the slugs.

• Copper - Small strips of copper can be placed around flower pots or raised beds as obstructions for slugs to crawl over. Cut 2" strips of thin copper and wrap around the lower part of flower pots, like a ribbon. Or set the strips in the soil on edge, making a "fence" for the slugs to climb. Check to make sure no vegetation hangs over the copper which might provide a 'bridge' for the slugs. Copper barriers also work well around wood barrels used as planters.
A non-toxic copper-based metallic mesh Slug Shield is available which can be wrapped around the stem of plants and acts as a barrier to slugs. When slugs come in contact with the mesh they receive an electric-like shock. The mesh also serves as a physical barrier. These slug shields are reusable, long-lasting and weather-proof.

• Diatomaceous Earth - Diatomaceous earth (Also known as "Insect Dust") is the sharp, jagged skeletal remains of microscopic creatures. It lacerates soft-bodied pests, causing them to dehydrate. A powdery granular material, it can be sprinkled around garden beds or individual plants, and can be mixed with water to make a foliar spray.
Diatomaceous earth is less effective when wet, so use during dry weather. Wear protective gear when applying, as it can irritate eyes and lungs. Be sure to buy natural or agricultural grade diatomaceous earth, not pool grade which has smoother edges and is far less effective. Click for more information or to purchase Food Grade Diatomaceous Earth.

• Electronic "slug fence" - An electronic slug fence is a non-toxic, safe method for keeping slugs out of garden or flower beds. The Slugs Away fence is a 24-foot long, 5" ribbon-like barrier that runs off a 9 volt battery. When a slug or snail comes in contact with the fence, it receives a mild static sensation that is undetectable to animals and humans. This does not kill the slug, it cause it to look elsewhere for forage. The battery will power the fence for about 8 months before needing to be replaced. Extension kits are availabe for increased coverage. The electronic fence will repel slugs and snails, but is harmless to people and pets.

• Lava Rock - Like diatomaceous earth, the abrasive surface of lava rock will be avoided by slugs. Lava rock can be used as a barrier around plantings, but should be left mostly above soil level, otherwise dirt or vegetation soon forms a bridge for slugs to cross.  • Salt - If all else fails, go out at night with the salt shaker and a flashlight. Look at the plants which have been getting the most damage and inspect the leaves, including the undersides. Sprinkle a bit of salt on the slug and it will kill it quickly. Not particularly pleasant, but use as a last resort. (Note: some sources caution the use of salt, as it adds a toxic element to the soil. This has not been our experience, especially as very little salt is used.)  • Beer - Slugs are attracted to beer. Set a small amount of beer in a shallow wide jar buried in the soil up to its neck. Slugs will crawl in and drown. Take the jar lid and prop it up with a small stick so rain won't dilute the beer. Leave space for slugs to enter the trap.  • Overturned Flowerpots, Grapefruit Halves, Board on Ground - Overturned flowerpots, with a stone placed under the rim to tilt it up a bit, will attract slugs. Leave overnight, and you'll find the slugs inside in the morning. Grapefruit halves work the same way, with the added advantage of the scent of the fruit as bait.
Another trap method, perhaps the simplest of all, is to set a wide board on the ground by the affected area. Slugs will hide under the board by day. Simply flip the board over during the day to reveal the culprits. Black plastic sheeting also works the same way.

• Garlic-based slug repellents Laboratory tests at the University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne (UK) revealed that a highly refined garlic product (ECOguard produced by ECOspray Ltd, a British company that makes organic pesticides) was an effective slug killer. Look for garlic-based slug deterrents which will be emerging under various brand names, as well as ECOguard.  • Coffee grounds; new caffeine-based slug/snail poisons - Coffee grounds scattered on top of the soil will deter slugs. The horticultural side effects of using strong grounds such as espresso on the garden, however, are less certain. When using coffee grounds, moderation is advised.
A study in June 2002 reported in the journal Nature found that slugs and snails are killed when sprayed with a caffeine solution, and that spraying plants with this solution prevents slugs from eating them. The percentage of caffeine required in a spray (1 - 2%) is greater than what is found in a cup of coffee (.05 - 07%), so homemade sprays are not as effective. Look for new commercial sprays which are caffeine-based.

It is worth remembering that especially with roses that the colour of the petals of the flower may change - The following photos are of Rosa 'Lincolnshire Poacher' which I took on the same day in R.V. Roger's Nursery Field:-

rosalincolnshirepoacherflot91

Closed Bud

rosalincolnshirepoacherflot92

Opening Bud

rosalincolnshirepoacherflot93

Juvenile Flower

rosalincolnshirepoacherflot94

Older Juvenile Flower

rosalincolnshirepoacherflot95

Middle-aged Flower - Flower Colour in Season in its
Rose Description Page is
"Buff Yellow, with a very slight pink tint at the edges in May-October."

rosalincolnshirepoacherflot96

Mature Flower

rosalincolnshirepoacherflot97

Juvenile Flower and Dying Flower

rosalincolnshirepoacherflot98

Form of Rose Bush

There are 720 roses in the Rose Galleries; many of which have the above series of pictures in their respective Rose Description Page.

So one might avoid the disappointment that the 2 elephants had when their trunks were entwined instead of them each carrying their trunk using their own trunk, and your disappointment of buying a rose to discover that the colour you bought it for is only the case when it has its juvenile flowers; if you look at all the photos of the roses in the respective Rose Description Page!!!!

Ivydene Gardens Garden Construction followed by Plants Suitable for a Chalk Soil:
Chalk Plant Index - Roses grow in Chalk

Flower Colour	Other Colours May,Jun, Jul,Aug, Sep,Oct, Nov	Orange May,Jun, Jul,Aug, Sep,Oct, Nov	Pink May,Jun, Jul,Aug, Sep,Oct, Nov	Red May,Jun, Jul,Aug, Sep,Oct, Nov	White May,Jun, Jul,Aug, Sep,Oct, Nov	Yellow May,Jun, Jul,Aug, Sep,Oct, Nov	2 or more Colours Page 1 May,Jun, Jul,Aug, Sep,Oct, Nov	2 or more Colours Page 2	Produces Hips
Rose Use Rose Index of Rose Plant, Rose RHS and Other Rose Galleries	Bedding Page 1 Page 2	Climber /Pillar	Cut-Flower Page 1 Page 2	Exhibition, Speciman	Ground-Cover	Grow In Container Page 1 Page 2	Hedge Page 1 Page 2	Climber in Tree	Woodland
	Edging Borders	Tolerant of Poor Soil Page 1 Page 2		Tolerant of Shade	Back of Border, Roses in Mixed Shrub Beds, Pegging Down Roses		Adjacent to Water, Companion Plants for a) Old Roses, b) Modern Roses		On North-Facing Wall
	Page for rose use as ARCH ROSE, PERGOLA ROSE, COASTAL CONDITIONS ROSE, WALL ROSE, STANDARD ROSE, COVERING BANKS, THORNLESS ROSES, VERY THORNY ROSES, or ROSE ORNAMENTAL FOLIAGE. FRAGRANT ROSES Page 1 and Page 2 - The roses inserted into this page are described as Moderately Fragrant or Very Fragrant in the relevant Rose Plant Description Page. NOT FRAGRANT ROSES - The roses inserted into this page are described as Slightly Fragrant or nothing mentioned about fragrance in the relevant Rose Plant Description Page.
Rose Bloom Shape	High Centred	Cupped	Flat	Globular	Pompon	Rosette	Click on thumbnail to change to Plant Description Page of the Rose Plant named in the text below that photo . The Comments Row of that Rose Plant Description Page details where that Rose Plant is available from. An explanation of Rose Shapes and Types.
Rose Petal Count	Single: 1-7 Petals	Semi-double: 8-15 Petals	Double 1, 2 16-25 Petals	Full: 26-40 Petals	Very Full: 40+ Petals
Rose Plant Height from Text Border (1 inch = 2.5 cms, 12 inches = 1 foot = 30 cms, 24 inches = 2 feet)				Blue = 0-24 inches (0-60 cms) Cyan = 0-24 inches (0-60 cms)		Green=24-72 inches (60-180 cms) Green=24-72 inches (60-180 cms)		Red = 72+ inches (180+ cms) Pink = 72+ inches (180+ cms)
Rose Plant Soil Moisture from Text Background				Wet Soil		Moist Soil		Dry Soil

Botanical Plant Name,
Plant Type:-
Aquatic,
Bamboo,
Bedding,
Bulb,
Climber,
Conifer,
Deciduous Shrub,
Deciduous Tree,
Evergreen Perennial,
Evergreen Shrub,
Evergreen Tree,
Fern,
Grass, Hedging,
Herbaceous Perennial,
Herb,
Odds and Sods,
Rhodo-dendron,
Rose,
Soft Fruit,
Top Fruit,
Vegetable,
Wildflower

Flower Colour

Flower Thumb-nail will be entered into the Ever-green Peren-nial 7 Flower Colours per month Colour Wheel, with its links in the next table

See Sugge-stions for growing roses which states that with the correct preparation the roses can grow in any soil

Flowering  Months  

Form

Height x Width in inches (cms) -

1 inch = 2.5 cms,

12 inches = 1 foot = 30 cms,

36 inches = 3 feet = 1 yard = 90 cms,

40 inches = 100 cms

Foliage Colour

Comments
including 'comments' from
A Chalk Garden by F C Stern. Published by Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd in 1960, which are appended by 'in 1909'.
When it states that it has withstood 20 degrees of frost, then when this book was written, that the author was living in England and we used Fahrenheit instead of Celsius between 1909 and 1960.

Here are some more cultivated plants:-
from Plants
...in Chalk
(Alkaline) Soil A-F1, A-F2, A-F3, G-L, M-R, M-R Roses, S-Z
...in Heavy Clay Soil A-F, G-L, M-R, S-Z
...in Lime-Free (Acid) Soil A-F, G-L,
M-R, S-Z
...in Light Sand Soil A-F, G-L, M-R, S-Z.

From Colour Wheel Uses Gallery
...Grow in Alkaline Soil A-F, G-L, M-R, S-Z
...Grow in Acidic Soil
...Grow in Any Soil

From Bulb Shape Gallery
...Bulb in Soil:-
......Chalk
......Clay
......Sand
......Lime-Free (Acid)
......Peat

From P Garden Style Index Gallery
Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for an Acid Soil 1, 2, 3, 4
Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for a
Chalky or Limestone Soil 1, 2, 3, 4
Shrubs bearing Scented leaves for a
Sandy Soil 1, 2, 3
The Alpines that Dislike Lime 1, 2
Bedding for Light Sandy Soil
Bedding for Acid Soil
Bedding for Chalky Soil
Bedding for Clay Soil

Whether your Heavy Clay or Light Sandy / Chalk Soil is excessively Alkaline (limy) / Acidic or not, then there is an Action Plan for you to do with your soil, which will improve its texture to make its structure into a productive soil instead of it returning to being just sand, chalk, silt or clay.

From P Culture Index Gallery
Any Soil
Chalky Soil
Clay Soil
Lime-Free Soil
Peaty Soil
Sandy Soil
Acid Soil
Alkaline Soil
Badly-drained Soil

Roses from Rose Use Gallery
...Rose Use with Rose Index pages
Photo Index R 1, 2, 3
Peter Beales Roses
RV Roger Roses

Here are some UK wildflower plants:-
Edible Plant Parts.
Flowering plants of
Chalk and Limestone 1, 2.
Flowering plants of Acid Soil 1.
Food for Butterfly/Moth.
Coastal and Dunes.
Sandy Shores and Dunes.
Grassland - Acid, Neutral, Chalk.
Heaths and Moors.
Hedge-rows and Verges.
Lakes, Canals and Rivers.
Marshes, Fens, Bogs.
Old Buildings and Walls.
Pinewoods.
Saltmarshes.
Shingle Beaches, Rocks and Cliff Tops.
Shrub/Tree River Banks and other Freshwater Margins.
on Acid Soil,
on Calcareous (Chalk) Soil,
on Marine Soil,
on Neutral Soil,

Plant
Use

There are 5861 plants
listed in
Botanical Name
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, X, Y, Z
each with its plant uses

Rosa arvensis
(Rosa repens),
Rose climbing

Ayrshire Rose, The Field Rose

White followed by hips

rosathefieldroseflot

Jul

16 Rosa arvensis
Sun, Part Shade
Jul
Arch, hedge, wood-land, next to water, hips, poor soil, ground cover, foliage, Field Rose

240 x 120
(600 x 300)

Large bronzy-blue foliage is almost evergreen

It requires little pruning beyond the removal of the dead wood and occasional thinning in February. Thrives in poor soil.

This Rose Class 16 has the following Species with their cultivars:-

Rosa wichuraiana is being directly or indirectly responsible for many modern rose ramblers and climbers. Apart from proneness to mildew, they are easy to grow and prune them immediately after flowering for best results.

Multiflora Ramblers were very popular from 1900-1925 and are very floriferous for 4 weeks in early summer. Usually, they are robust, healthy and have few thorns.

The Ayrshires (Rosa arvensis) ramblers and scramblers have superb flowers, are very hardy and robust.

Covering an arch and within hedges. Tolerant of shade. Woodland and covert planting. Grow next to water. Tolerant of poor soil. Ground cover. Hips.

Rosa banksiae lutea, evergreen Wild Rose Climbing

Banksian Rose, Yellow Banksia

Pale Yellow in large cascading trusses of double flowers

slightly fragrant

rosabanksiaeluteaflot1a

Apr-Jun

39 Rosa banksiae lutea
Sun
Apr-Jun
thorn-less, climber wall rose, poor soil, fragrant

240 x 120
(600 x 300)

Profuse, Light Green foliage

Chalk, Sand. Full Sun to thrive. Pruning should consist of only thinning where necessary.

This interesting rose of Chinensis origin needs a sunny but sheltered wall to be at its best when it will reach considerable height. The large trusses of pale yellow double flowers are usually all over by mid June.

This is in Rose Class 39

Climber, Thornless rose. Tolerant of poor soil.

This flowers upon the old wood, and not then, as a rule, until it is well established. It is unfortunately not suited to exposed positions, and is most suitable for sheltered, hot, sunny walls, and should be grown in deep rich soil. It should not be pruned; thinning only is nececessary.

Rosa bracteata, Rose Climbing

The Macartney Rose

Clear white. Moderately fragrant

White

Jun-Nov

12 Rosa bracteata
Sun
Jun-Nov climber wall rose, vicious thorns, north wall, tolerant of shade, hips

96 x 96
(240 x 240)

With evergreen glossy leaves, it will climb to 15 feet (180 inches = 450cms) in height upon a sheltered wall

Vigorous climber of some tenderness suitable for a warm wall. The flowers which are continuously borne in summer, are large, single, and of clear white. Must be pruned severely when necessary. Not of great hardiness and seldom producing much seed in its woolly orange-red fruits, its chief claim to inclusion is that it was of the parents of that marvellous rose Mermaid which has inherited also its thorns, which resemble an eagle's beak. The hybrid bracteata roses may be severely pruned without fear of preventing them from flowering. The best method is to thin out the old wood in spring, removing any frost-damaged tips.

Climber as Wall Rose. Flowers on north wall, well armed with vicious thorns, tolerant of shade, best grown as a climber, hips

Rosa brunonii (Rosa moschata nepalensis) Rose Climbing

Musk Rose of Nepal, Himalayan Musk Rose

White

very fragrant followed by red hips

White

Jun-Jul

39 Rosa brunonii
Sun, Part Shade
Jun-Jul
wall rose, wood-land, climber into trees, poor soil, shade, thorny, fragrant, hips

300 x 180
(750 x 450)

Strong green canes with pale green leaves and armed with plenty of red, hooked thorns

A most vigorous climbing rose producing clusters of single white, scented flowers.

Best grown on a sunny wall, tolerant of poor soil. Suitable for growing into trees and as a group in a woodland being tolerant of shade, north wall.

Rosa canina, Rose

Dog Rose

Pale Pink. Once blooming, followed by hips
Moder-ately fragrant.

rosacaninadogroseflot1

Jun-Aug

10 Rosa canina 'Dog Rose'
Sun, Part Shade
Jun-Aug
Into trees, hedge, wood-land, north wall, poor soil, food for birds, bees

120 x 72
(300 x180)

Dark Green

Chalk, Sand. Full Sun, Tolerant of Part Shade. Moist. Grow adjacent to water

This is in Rose Class 10

Tolerant of Northerly aspect.

Useful to grow into trees and into hedges as a food source for the bees and birds. Hedge, grow into trees, as a group in woodland. Tolerant of poor soil.

Rosa centifolia,
Rose

(Rosa 'Cabbage Rose', Rosa 'Provence Rose')

Cabbage Rose

Deep Pink with strong, heady perfume.

It produces large, nodding, many-petalled flowers, never reflexed,

rosaxcentifoliacflorogerltd

May-Jul

29 Rosa x centifolia SUN
May-Jul
in wood-land, thorny, poor soil, thorny, foliage, fragrant

72 x 60
(180 x 150)

Thick, coarse, grey-green leaves made up of 5 leaflets, each up to 2 inches (5 cm) in length.

Medium-sized shrub with abundant thorns.

Susceptible to mildew - see bottom of this page.

Chalk, Sand. Full Sun

This Rose Class 29 has the following Species with their cultivars:-

Centifolia (Provence) Old Garden Roses:-

• Lax, thorny shrub roses.

• Matt dark green foliage.

• Double or fully double, often scented flowers, are produced singly or in clusters of 3 in summer, on shoots from second year wood.

• Use in a border.

Pruning requirement:-

• For Maintenance - Immediately after flowering during the late summer season, prune the main stems back by 0.25 to 0.33 as necessary, reduce sideshoots by 0.66.

• For Renewal - Cut out up to 25% of the oldest stems; then cut back the rest by 33%

Tolerant of poor soil. Hates wet weather when in flower. Grow a group in woodland.

It requires hard pruning and good cultivation, and is said to have been grown at Mitcham for the preparation of rose-water.

Rosa x dupontii,
Rose

White shaded pink flowers followed by hips

fragrant

White shaded with pink

Jun-Jul

39 Rosa dupontii
Sun
Jun-Jul
hedge, specim-an, wood-land, attracts bees, fragrant, thorn-less, hips, poor soil, foliage

84 x 72
(225 x 180)

Light green

It makes a rounded strong-growing thornless bush with light green foliage, bearing very large, single, white flowers shaded with pink. The flowers are followed by pear-shaped orange-red fruits.

Tolerant of poor soil. Full Sun

Hybrid polyantha roses and certain species roses like this one, require very little pruning, dead wood only being removed, and the removal of the tips of the old shoots which have bloomed, being sufficient.

Speciman, Hedge, Woodland, tolerant of poor soil, hips, foliage, fragrant, thornless

Hardy

Rosa farreri var. 'Persetosa' (Rosa elegantula 'Persetosa'), Rose

Threepenny-bit Rose

Deep pink followed by small coral-red fruits

rosaelegantulapersetosacflomidgarnonswilliams

May-June

38 Rosa farreri var. perse-tosa
Sun
May-Jun
very thorny, speci-man, hips, foliage

60 x 60
(150 x 150)

Reddish bristly wood and foliage of dark green turns purple in autumn

It is very bristly.

Hardy.

Speciman

Rosa filipes,
Semi-climbing shrub rose

White followed by rounded red fruits

Very fragrant

White

Jun-Jul

16 Rosa filipes
Sun
Jun-Jul
wall rose, ground cover, into trees, next to water, speci-man, poor soil, shade, foliage, fragrant, hips

360 x 240
(900 x 600)

large green leaves divided into 5 or 7 leaflets

From China, this is a semi-climbing shrub with long whip-like growths rising to 8 feet, with large green leaves divided into 5 or 7 leaflets, and with huge corymbs of rather small, single, white, scented flowers with golden stamens, followed by rounded red fruits.

Needs little or no pruning, except the removal of the very old or useless wood and shortening of the laterals to approximately 6 inches (15 cm). An example of a rose needing such treatment is Paul's Scarlet Climber.

Hardy

Wall rose, screen, speciman, tolerant of poor soil, ground cover, grow into trees with good autumn foliage. Tolerant of shade, can be grown next to water

May no longer be available in 2024, since growers prefer its hybrid 'Rosa filipes 'Kiftsgate'

Rosa foetida (Rosa lutea), Shrub rose

Austrian Briar, Austrian Yellow

Deep golden-yellow

Yellow

Jun

38 Rosa foetida
Sun
Jun
pot, plant as boundary hedge to deter people, alliums against black spot, thorns, foliage, speci-man

96 x 60
(240 x 150)

Brown stems and very sharp thorns, and with leaves divided into 5 to 9 leaflets with a rather unpleasant smell.

It comes from Estern Europe and makes a large bush. The large single flowers of deep golden-yellow have an unpleasant smell. The Austrian Briars are all subject to black spot and should be planted separately. Pruning consists of cutting out the dead wood.

Alliums and other members of the onion family are said to ward off aphids, prevent rose black spot and even make the scent of roses stronger.
Salvias come in a range of colours and make great partners for roses – they're long-flowering and their spire shapes give contrasting structure and interest. They also attract a huge number of beneficial insects and it's said that they help to keep mildew and blackspot at bay.

Speciman, grow in pots

It should not be planted with other roses, because of suffering from black spot

Rosa harisonii ('Harison's Yellow'), Rose

Pale golden-yellow

Moderate fragrance

Golden Yellow

Jun

28 Rosa harisonii
Sun, part shade
Apr-Jun
ground cover, pot, fragrant, poor soil, shade

48 x 36
(120 x 90)

small mid-green foliage

It has semi-double pale golden-yellow flowers of about 1.5 inches (3.75 cm) in diameter, borne in clusters on vigorous bushes exceeding 48 inches (120 cm) in height.

Hybrid polyantha roses and certain species roses, require very little prunig, dead wood only being removed, and the removal of the tips of the old shoots which have bloomed, being sufficient.

The Garden.org Plants Database only has 794,145 plants, and 848,876 images in their world class database of plants, which is collaboratively developed by over 5,000 Garden.org members from around the globe.

That is a few more than my collection developed by me in this website

Very hardy. Tolerant of poor soil. Tolerant of Shade. pot.

Coolings has provided a simpler system for pruning in their online Rose Care published on 10th February 2020.

Rosa x high-downensis,
Rose

Light shining crimson followed by flagon-shaped hips

Crimson

Jun-jul

38 Rosa highdow-nensis
Sun
Jun-Jul
specim-an, climber on wall rose, hips, shade, foliage

96 x 72
(240 x 180)

Long arching stems bearing small green multiple leaves, glaucous beneath

It forms a graceful bush with single flowers of light shining crimson. The fruits that follow prolifically are bright signal-red.

Chalk, Full Sun

Speciman, climb on wall support. Tolerant of poor soil

Rosa hugonis, Old Garden Rose

Golden Rose of China

Primrose-yellow with mild fragrance followed by hips

rosahugoniscflorogerltd

Mid May

28 Rosa hugonis SUN
May
Wood-land, poor soil, hips, fragrant, foliage, thorny

96 x 60
(240 x 150)

Mid-Green leaves plentiful with a fern-like quality both in appearance and to touch, turning bronzy-orange in autumn.

Good Autumn Foliage.

Densely thorny, the stems are bronzy-brown

Chalk, Sand. Prefers Full Sun to thrive.

This Rose Class 28 has the following Species with their cultivars:-

Rosa pimpinellifolia (Scotch Roses) species have been used to create the taller shrubs by Kordes, which are trouble-free, easy to grow and early flowering, with some hybrids providing the first roses of summer.

Portland Old Garden Roses:-

• Upright, compact shrub roses with thorny stems.

• Dark green foliage.

• Semi- to fully double, usually scented flowers are produced, singly or in clusters of 3, in flushes from summer to autumn, on shoots from second-year wood.

• Use in a bed.

Pruning requirement:-

▪ For Maintenance - During the late winter to early spring season (dormant season), prune the main stems back by 0.33 as necessary, reduce sideshoots by 0.5 to 0.66.

▪ For Renewal - During the late winter to early spring season, Cut out up to 0.2 to 0.25 of the oldest stems; then cut back the rest by 33%.

Group in a woodland, tolerates poorer soil

Rosa laevigata,
Rose Climber

Cherokee Rose

Invasive in USA

White followed by hips

Very fragrant

White

Jun-Jul

39 Rosa laevigata
Sun
Jun-Jul ever-green
security hedge, security on house wall, climber, fragrant, hips, thorny

180 x 180
(450 x 450)

Bears upon long flexible canes very glossy green leaves and armed with large hooked thorns

It has large single, white, fragrant flowers with yellow centres. Very vigourous varieties require even lighter pruning still, the general instruction applying to the removal of old and weak wood, but extra care should be taken to see that the centre of the plant is not overcrowded. Long strong shoots from the base should be reduced to 8 or 9 inches (20-22.5 cm) in length, ending in an eye which should point outwards, and 4 to 5 can be left on the laterals on the remaining and older shoots. Attention should be paid to the need for keeping a symmetrical plant. An example of a rose needing such pruning is Frau Karl Druschki.

Chalk, Full Sun.

Is suitable for warm sunny positions as a climber. Suitable for forcing or growing under glass. Train onto chailink fence as evergreen security fence against animals and people.

Rosa x macrantha, Rose

Pale pink

Very fragrant

Pink

May-Jun

38 Rosa macr-antha
Sun
May-Jun Ground cover, attracts bees, speci-man, fragrant, hips, foliage

60 x 108
(150 x 275)

It has long whiplike canes and bright green leaves made up of 5 to 7 leaflets

It makes a very large speciman bush which bears many very pale pink, rose-flushed, large single flowers of 4 inches (10 cms) in diameter, followed by bright red fruits.

Hybrid polyantha roses and certain species roses require very little pruning, dead wood only being removed, and the removal, of the tips of the old shoots which have bloomed, being sufficient.

Very Hardy. Speciman, ground cover, attracts bees

Rosa microphylla (Rosa pouzinii,
(Rosa roxburghii,
Rosa forrestii),
Rose

Burr Rose, Chestnut Rose, Chinquapin Rose

Shell Pink followed by orange-yellow hips. the flowers are very much enjoyed by the bees

Pink

Jun

38 Rosa roxbur-ghii
Sun
Jun
wood-land, coastal garden, cottage garden, attracts bees, speci-man, hips, foliage, by water

96 x 96
(240 x 240)

Large leaves made up of 9 to 11 leaflets

From China with height of about 8 feet (96 inches =240 cm), single flowers of about 3 inches (7.5 cms) in diameter, borne in large clusters. The colour of the flowers varies from white to red, and they are followed by large inverted-pear-shaped fruits with bristly skins of bright bred.

In China, it is commonly found on banks between rice fields, here it can obtain plenty of water during the summer. The edible fruits are very rich in vitamins and have a sweet, sour taste.

Same pruning as for Rosa macrantha.

Specimem, woodland planting, coastal gardens, cottage garden

Rosa moschata, Rambling Rose

The Musk Rose

flowers, produced in large spaced clusters, are cream until fully open when they change to white. followed by small and oval hips, when produced

fragrant

White

Jul-Sep

38 Rosa mos-chata
Sun
Jul-Sep
ramble through trees, wood-land, arch, pergola, poor soil, north wall, attracts bees

96 x 72
(240 x 180)

grey-green, slightly drooping foliage. Stems also grey-green, sparsely populated with hooked thorns

This is the wild briar of the Himalayas, and makes a bush with arching or climbing branches and produces musky-scented single white flowers in groups of 7. It grows to a great height reaching 30 feet (360 inches = 900). Some of the hybrids of this type make very good climbers. Pruning consists of eliminating the dead wood and removing the tips of the strong basal shoots.

Best when rambling through trees, tolerant of poor soil, grow groups in woodland and as covert planting. Suitable for northerly aspect, tolerant of shade, arch, pergola and attracts bees

Rosa moyesii,
Rose

Deep Crimson flowers followed by hips

rosamoyesiiflot

Jun-Aug

38 Rosa moyesii
Sun
Jun-Aug
wood-land, wall rose, next to water, poor soil, hips, shade

120 x 72
(300 x 180)

Dark Green. As a shrub, it is vigorous and solid, but if allowed to grow too long without pruning, it loses its foliage at the base.

Chalk, Sand.

Moist and can grow adjacent to water.

Full Sun, Tolerant of Part Shade

This Rose Class 38 has the following Species with their cultivars:-

Rosa moyesii species is one of the best and most garden-worthy to have come from the wilds of China. Not only do they produce a profusion of flowers, but also a heavy crop of very attractive hips in the autumn,

Rosa foetida provides very vigorous, informal shrubs and accomodating climbers where yellow is called for; and as an influence in siring yellow flowers in modern roses.

Rugosa Modern Roses are invariably healthy and will grow anywhere without mollycoddling:-

• Hardy shrub roses with tough prickly stems.

• Wrinkled, bright green foliage.

• Single or semi-double, scented flowers, in clusters of 3-11, are borne throughout summer and autumn, on shoots from second-year and new wood. They are followed by red hips.

• Use as security hedging, in a bed, massed planting in parks, barriers for motorways, or as specimen thorny plants.

Pruning requirement:-

• For Maintenance - During the late summer after flowering, prune the main stems back by 0.33 as necessary, reduce sideshoots by 0.5 to 0.66.

• For Renewal - During the late winter to early spring season, cut out up to 0.2 to 0.25 of the oldest stems; then cut back the rest by 33%.

Species Roses

See Rose Use Gallery for comparisons of different roses with the same
use: Grow in trees, use for flower cutting, etc.
rose bloom shape, and
Rose petal count.

Grow as group in woodland, tolerates poor soil, train as a wall rose, next to water, tolerant of shade.

Beware of growing this rose from seed or purchasing plants grown by this means as many are sterile and never produce hips.

Rosa multibracteata, Rose

Bright pink followed by hips. Recurrent or repeat flowering

Pink

Jun-Sep

38 Rosa multibr-acteata
Sun
Jun-Sep wood-land, attracts bees, hips, poor soil, shade, thorns

72 x 60
(180 x 150)

Thin, very spiny graceful whip-like branches with pretty ferny leaves, made up from 7 to 9 leaflets. It thick stems with numerous, spiky thorns, usually in pairs

From East China with solitary or clustered bright pink flowers of about the the size of a halfpenny, followed by small orange-red fruits.

This is in Rose Class 38

Susceptible to Rust.

Hardy. Tolerant of poor soils. Woodland or covert planting. Tolerant of shade. Attracts bees.

Rosa omeiensis (Rosa sericea),
Rose

Mount Omi Rose

White

White, 4 petals in cross

May-Jun

38 Rosa sericea
Sun
May-Jun Wood-land, Speci-man, hedge, foliage, hips, poor soil,

120 x 72
(300 x 180)

Strong, six-to seven foot (72-84 inches (150-180 cms) shoots having red thorns and graceful small foliage made up of from 7 to 11 leaflets. It has good autumn foliage

From China and it differs from most other single roses by having only 4 petals, arranged in the shape of a cross. Habit is vigorous and branching. The flowers are followed by elliptical red and orange fruits.

Speciman. Hardy. Tolerant of poor soil. Woodland and covert planting, hedge

Rosa primula, Rose

Incense rose

White may be followed by small reddish fruit

Very fragrant when damp

White

May

28 Rosa primula
Sun
May-Jun wood-land, pot, attracts bees, hips, poor soil, fragrant when damp, foliage

60 x 48
(150 x 120)

The glossy fern-like foliage has a strong aroma of incense. It has strong, upright, dark-brown thorny stems supporting arching laterals

The flowers, which appear early in the season, are single and soft butter-cup-yellow with pronounce stamens; they are strongly scented.

Chalk, Alkaline Soil.

Woodland and covert planting, tolerant of poor soil, grow in pots, attracts bees

Species Roses

See Rose Use Gallery for comparisons of different roses with the same
use: Grow in trees, use for flower cutting, etc.
rose bloom shape, and
Rose petal count.

Rosa rugosa,
Wild Rose non-climbing

Japanese Rose

Clear deep pink to deep cerise red. repeat flowering.

Very fragrant

rosarugosaflot

Jun-Aug

followed by hips

38 Rosa rugosa
Sun, Part Shade
Jun-Aug
Hedge, Wood-land, autumn foliage, fragrant, poor soil, hips, thorny, grows any-where

84 x 72
(210 x 180)

Light to Mid-Green rough-textured foliage. Good Autumn Foliage.

Chalk. Full Sun, Part Shade

Native of China and Japan, it makes a bush, with bright green large leaves with from 5 to 9 leaflets, each heavily ribbed and of very attractive appearance. The flowers, which are produced in few-flowered corymbs, are large and vary from white to purplish rose. It is very hardy, will grow anywhere, and requires little pruning. The seed pods are particularly attractive. The rugosa hybrids make exceptionally fine hedges.

Being so thorny, nobody wishes to walk through them, so use as a security hedge on the edges of your property.

Rugosa Roses

See Rose Use Gallery for comparisons of different roses with the same
use: Grow in trees, use for flower cutting, etc.
rose bloom shape, and
Rose petal count.

Hedge, grow as group in woodland and as covert planting, rose for poor soils,

Rosa spinosissima (Rosa pimpin-ellifolia), Rose

Scots Rose, Burnet Rose, Scotch Briar

Milk-White

fragrant

rosapimpinellifoliaflot

May-Jun

28 Rosa spinos-issima
Sun
May-Jun Low Hedge, wood-land, pot, autumn foliage, poor soil, hips, shade, fragrant, thorny, speci-man

36 x 36
(90 x 90)

The leaves, consisting of from 5 to 11 small leaflets, are very attractive

It makes a densely spiny bush with sweetly-scented milk-white flowers profusely produced. It can be freely propagated from either seed or suckers, and is the parent of the Burnet Roses of various colours.
Suckers freely when it is grown on its own roots. Happy in most soils, particularly sandy soil.

It forms a most attractive dwarf hedge and grows well in almost any poor soil when its height becomes negligible. The fruits are black and round.

Speciman, Woodland and covert planting, good autumn foliage, tolerant of shade and grow in pots.

Rosa spinosissima altaica (Rosa pimpinellifolia altaica, Rosa pimpinellifolia spinosissima 'Altaica' ), Rose

single pale lemon

fragrant

White

May

28 Rosa altaica
Sun
May hedge, wood-land, poor soil, autumn foliage, shade, pot, thorny, hips, fragrant

60 x 36
(150 x 90)

Dark brownish wood with numerous spiny thorns and soft-textured, well-serrated, greyish-light green foliage.

A useful, healthy shrub with maroon-purple to black hips in the autumn.

Well suited by its growth to the formation of a hedge. Woodland and covert planting, tolerant of poor soils, with good autumn foliage, tolerant of shade, pot

Rosa spinosissima lutea (Rosa 'Lutea'), Rose

single bright-yellow

Yellow

May-Jun

28 Rosa lutea
Sun
May-Jun thorny, hedge, wood-land, poor soil, shade

48 x 36
(120 x 90)

Shoots darkish green to brown with numerous spiny thorns.

Upright bushy plant.

Hedge, Woodland and covert planting, Tolerant of poor soils, tolerant of shade,

Rosa stellata mirifica (Rosa mirifica), Rose

Sacramento Rose, Gooseberry Rose

Clear pink

fragrant

Pink

Jul-Aug

38 Rosa mirifica
Sun
Jul-Aug speci-man, wood-land, thorny, hips, thorny, foliage, fragrant

36 x 30
(90 x 75)

Pale green leaves, very prickly stems

From New Mexico, bears its single very large flowers of clear pink singly, followed by inverted-pear-shaped prickly red fruits. Growth is vigorous and forms a bush of some 30 inches (75 cm) in height.
Compact plant with many long spines and gooseberry-like foliage.

Speciman. Hardy, woodland and covert planting

Rosa wichuraiana (Rosa lucieae), Rose

Memorial Rose for its use in covering graves

White followed by dark red hips

very fragrant

White

Jul-Sep

38 Rosa wichur-aiana
Sun
Jul-Sep banks, foliage, fragrant, thorny, in trees, shade, poor soil, pillar, walls, ever-green north wall, arch

120-144 x (300-360 x )

It has trailing thorny branches up to 120-144 inches (300-360 cms) long, and bears shining leaflets, which are almost evergreen, in leaves of from 7 to 9. Mildew-proof.

Native of China. The single, fragrant, white flowers, borne in corymbs, are white with bright yellow anthers and sweetly scented.

Crossed with other types it has produced such roses as Dorothy Perkins, Minnehaha and Excelsa. Generally flowering in late summer, they prove invaluable and, apart from the removal of dead and weak wood, require little pruning until they become too thickly crowded.

Rose breeders were quick to see the potentialities of R. wichuraiana, with its glossy, mildew-proof foliage and late flowering season and many of the most popular rambling roses of today were raised by crossing it with Teas, Hybrid Teas, Chinas and other garden roses. Most of these date from the first three decades of this century, but there is another group of more recent origin deriving from R. wichuraiana through R. kordesii (see under R. rugosa). Through its hybrids, R. wichuraiana has played a part – though compared to R. multiflora a minor one – in the breeding of the Dwarf and Hybrid Polyanthas.

Hardy. It is evergreen in suitable positions, and useful for covering banks as an impenetrable barrier at ground level, or for scrambling up large trees. Tolerant of Shade and poor soils, on pillars, walls/fences, north wall, arches/pergolas.

Rosa willmottiae,
Rose

Miss Willmott's Rose, Willmott's Rose

Rose-purple

rose-purple

Jun

38 Rosa willmo-ttiae
Sun
Jun
fragrant leaves,
hips, speci-man, foliage, wood-land, poor soil,
shade, pot

96 x 72
(240 x 180)

red canes and profuse lateral branches, with fragrant sage-green leaves composed of 7 to 9 small leaflets

From China, it makes a very large erect dense bush bearing solitary single flowers of rose-purpe, about 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter, and folowed by small orange-red flattened round fruits

Hardy. Speciman, hips, woodland or covert planting, tolerant of poor soil, tolerant of shade, pot

Rosa xanthina spontanea
'Canary Bird', rose

Golden-yellow followed by spherical, maroon hips

moderat-ely fragrant

rosacanarybirdflotgarnonswilliams1

Apr-May

10 Rosa 'Canary Bird'
Sun
Apr-May Hedge, poor soil, shade, cut flower, pot, cottage garden, hips, fragrant

96 x 72
(240 x 180)

dark green, fern-like foliage from march to october

From Korea, it has large, flat, single, golden-yellow flowers.
Tall angular shrub with dark stems and thorns and dark green, fern-like foliage. Produces laterals of a graceful, pendulous habit on which the flowers are borne, making it a useful standard rose in good soils. Single flowers, rich canary-yellow with prominent stamens, well scented. Sometimes rather temperamental, suffering partial die-back for no apparent reason; but if the dead wood is removed, it frequently recovers. Flowers sometimes appear intermittently in the autumn.

Hardy. Hedge, tolerant of poor soils, tolerant of shade, cut flower, pot, fragrant, cottage garden,

'Alberic Barbier',
Rose Climber

Creamy-White

Fragrant

rosaalbericbarbiercflomidgarnonswilliams3

Jun-Jul Single Summer flush

16 Rosa 'Alberic Barbier'
SUN
Jun-Jul
climber, pillar, in trees, pot, poor soil, wood-land, ground cover, arch, pergola, standard

180 x 120
(450 x 300)

Superb glossy dark green foliage produced on long, pliable stems.

Chalk, Sand. Full Sun, tolerant of shade and of Northerly aspect

This Rose Class 16 has the following Species with their cultivars:-

Multiflora Ramblers were very popular from 1900-1925 and are very floriferous for 4 weeks in early summer. Usually, they are robust, healthy and have few thorns.

The Ayrshires (Rosa arvensis) ramblers and scramblers have superb flowers, are very hardy and robust.

Rambler Roses
See Rose Use Gallery for comparisons of different roses with the same
use: Grow in trees, use for flower cutting, etc.
rose bloom shape, and
Rose petal count.

Climber, Pillar. Grow in trees, Grow in Pots, Tolerates poor soil, group planting in woodland, ground cover, arch, pergola, weeping standard

'American Pillar',
Rose Climber

Single flowers, at first reddish-pink, paling to deep pink with off-white centres, usually in large trusses once in the season.

rosaamericanpillarcflo1

May-Aug Slightly fragrant. Carries hips which are soon eaten by the birds.

16 Rosa 'Ameri-can Pillar'
SUN
May-Aug climber, hips, foliage, thorny, shade, in tree, poor soils, ground cover, banks, walls, arch, pergola

180 x 120
(450 x 300)

Large glossy dark green foliage on strong, thorny long green stems

Good purple autumn foliage which hangs on well into the winter.

Chalk, Sand. Full Sun, Tolerant of shade. Tolerant of poor soils.

This is in Rose Class 16

Ground cover covering banks,
Climber in Tree, onto fences and walls with support. Arch rose, Pergola Rose

'Cantabri-giensis', Wild Non-climbing rose

The Cambridge Rose

Primrose yellow ages to Cream, single, flat

rosacantabrigiensiscflorogerltd2

May-Jun followed by hips

38 Rosa 'Cantab-rigiensis'
Sun
May-Jun hips, thorny, wood-land, bedding, speci-man, poor soil, shade, fragrant, foliage

120 x 120
(300 x 300)

Light green and fernlike. Arching Branches armed with thorns.

A very fine shrub. Pale yellow, saucer shaped flowers wreath its branches in a mass of delicate bloom, creating a magnificent sight in mid May. The flowers are about 2.5 inches (6 cm) across and are very lightly scented. Fern-like foliage. One of the very best. Simiar to R. hugonis, but stronger growing. Up to 10 x 10 ft (300 x 300 cm).

Chalk, Sand. Prefers Full sun to thrive.

This is in Rose Class 38

Grow group in Woodland, bedding, speciman, tolerant of poor soil, tolerant of shade, fragrant

'Celestial'
(Rosa 'Celeste'), Rose

Light Pink. Very fragrant

Light Pink

Jun-Jul

20 Rosa 'Cele-stial'
Sun
Jun-Jul poor soil, pot, wood-land, hedge, shade, fragrant

72 x 48
(180 x 120)

Grey-green

Beautiful, soft pink, semi-double blooms in contrast to the grey-green foliage. Deserves to be in every garden. A helthy robust yet charming rose with a superb, 'expensive' perfume.

Chalk. Full Sun, Part Shade

Tolerant of poorer soils, pot, woodland, hedge, tolerant of shade

Historic and Hybrid Musk Roses

See Rose Use Gallery for comparisons of different roses with the same
use: Grow in trees, use for flower cutting, etc.
rose bloom shape, and
Rose petal count.

'Cooper's Burmese' (Rosa cooperi) Rose Climber

White/ Cream

Fragrant

rosacooperiflotimg3319garnonswilliams1

Jun-Jul

39 Rosa cooperi
Sun
Jun-Jul climber, north wall, poor soil, fragrant, thorny

180 x 180
(450 x 450)

Glossy, dark green foliage makes a superb foil for the 5 petal, scented, white flowers. The shoots are quite thorny, fawn-brown in colour, and produced in angular fashion.

Creamy-white rose must be carefully placed on a southern aspect where its glossy foliage will provide a foil for its large, single, scented flowers of immense attraction. Very vigorous and thorny.

Chalk. Full Sun to Full Shade

A north wall, Tolerant of poorer soils, recurrent or repeat flowering (not continuous), prefers a sunny position to thrive, suitable for forcing or growing under glass, moderately fragrant, climber, thorny

'Dorothy Perkins', Rose Climber

Colourful cascades of clear pink blooms with the occasional almost white bloom among the cluster, and well scented. Rose Bloom Shape - Flat, Petal Count: Full

rosadorothyperkinscflorogerltd1a

Jun-Jul

16 Rosa 'Dorothy Perkins' SUN
Jun-Jul
screen, climber, ground cover, into trees, thorn-less, pot, arch, pillar, poor soil

120 x 96
(300 x 240)

Foliage, when free of Mildew early in the season is bright, glossy dark green.

A large rambling rose. Small, medium green, glossy foliage on long arching stems. Looks impressive grown as a pillar. Best grown as a screen or up a rose arch. Hardy. Spray regularly against disease. Grows to over 450cm in height. Prune after the last flowers have finished.

Chalk, Sand. Full Sun

This is in Rose Class 16

Screen, ground cover, grow into trees as a thornless rose, pot, climber, arch rose, pillar, tolerant of poor soils

'Etoile de Hollande Climbing', Rose Climbing

Rich velvety red fading to purple. Very fragrant.

High Centered, Double

rosaetoiledehollandeclimbingcflorogerltd1a

Jun-Oct

17 Rosa 'Etoile de Hollande climbing'
Sun
Jun-Oct climber, in trees, fragrant, front wall of house, cut flower, thorny, fence, pillar

144 x 96
(360 x 240)

Dull dark green

The climbing sport of the famous old hybrid tea. This rich and beautiful rose is still one of the best and most reliable crimson climbers. The long buds open out to large, double, deep crimson flowers with a delicious, heavy fragrance. It produces a profusion of blooms, both early and late in the season. It is a vigorous climber with ample dark green foliage

Chalk, Sand. Full Sun

This is in Rose Class 17

It is a lanky, prickly, erect grower, which means that it benefits from being taken down in winter and trained sideways to break into flower along its length. This also produces more leaves: both the bush and the climber are sparsely foliaged, though such leaves as they have are large. The gawkiness and vigorous climbing form can be softened by companion planting-clematis are the usual complement.

Climbers and Pillar Roses, grow into trees, fragrant, cut flower, fence, pillar, thorny

A good repeat flowering variety, it will bloom more strongly if trained sideways over the winter-time to encourage more leaves and flower breaks along the nodes.RHS AGM 1993

'F. J. Grootendorst'
(Rosa 'Red Grootendorst, Rosa 'Grootendorst') Rose

Clusters of small cerise-crimson flowers with frilled edges

Double Flower

rosafjgrootendorstcflogarnonwilliams1a1

Jun-Nov

2 Rosa 'F.J. Grooten-orst'
sun, part shade
Jun-Nov
pot, wood-land, cut flower, ground cover, coastal, poor soil, shade, hedge, thorny

80 x 48
(200 x 120)

Copious and somewhat coarse dark green foliage. Ideal security barrier with its thorns

A Rugosa rose as a bushy plant with good foliage.

Full Sun, Part Shade

F.J. Grootendorst Rose will grow to be about 5 feet tall at maturity, with a spread of 4 feet. It tends to fill out right to the ground and therefore doesn't necessarily require facer plants in front, and is suitable for planting under power lines. It grows at a fast rate, and under ideal conditions can be expected to live for approximately 20 years.

This shrub should only be grown in full sunlight. It does best in average to evenly moist conditions, but will not tolerate standing water. It is not particular as to soil type or pH, and is able to handle environmental salt. It is somewhat tolerant of urban pollution. This is a high maintenance shrub that will require regular care and upkeep, and is best pruned in late winter once the threat of extreme cold has passed.

Pot, Hedge, Tolerant of Poor Soil. Tolerant of Shade. For Woodland planting and can be used for cut flowers. Ground cover, Coastal Conditions

Further plants in next table ---->

Garden Construction Pages followed by Plants suitable for a Chalk Soil

Work schedule for hard and soft landscaping with Soil Conditioning:-
Planting,
Irrigation,
Mulching and
Drainage using the Aquadyne Drainage System
Site Map with Suggested client work schedule on vegetable garden for a client after I
had rotovated his proposed vegetable garden area and created the vegetable garden plan.

A Chalk Garden by F C Stern. Published by Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd in 1960.
In 1909 the garden of the author was 2 small lawns either side of the house on the South Downs. Beyond the wind-break trees on the west of the house there was a grass paddock, and to the north of the paddock a belt of beech trees protecting a large chalk pit from the south and south-west winds. This large chalk pit was used no doubt in former days to obtain chalk to lime the surrounding fields. In 1909 the pit was used for keeping pigs and chickens, and all the refuse was thrown into one corner; even now 50 years later one only has to dig down a spit to uncover some bits of blue china. No-one was able to advise us on what would grow on this nearly virgin chalk. Sir Arthur Hill - afterwards Director of Kew Gardens - emphasised that the garden should be an experiment to find out what plants would do well on the ordinary chalk soil of the Downs, and that we should not put in new soil, but of course mulch with our old beech leaves and manure in the usual way of any garden.
In one corner of the pit, part of the cliff had fallen in, making a sloping bank of rubble chalk. We were advised to plant this rubble slope with many different plants as an experiment. We surrounded the pit on the top of the cliffs on the west, north and east with Cupressus macrocarpa to keep the wind out.
It soon became evident that when plants were put in a hole made in the hard chalk, they flourished for a while, but soon the leaves turned yellow and the plants suffered from too much lime. On the other hand we found that plants and shrubs on the rubble chalk were thriving. The roots of the trees and shrubs planted in a hole in the chalk filled the hole with their roots and were unable to penetrate into the hard chalk. If the chalk was broken up to some 24 to 30 inches (60-75cms), it allowed the roots to get away and spread as was the case on the chalk rubble.
This book details what plants will grow on chalk from 50 years of experience by the book's author. The year is split up into its months, so that which plants grow and flower in those months will be detailed in the following pages in this Topic after the Chalk Plant Index pages.

Chalk Plant Index - These index pages are complete with the names in 2022. The information from the above book is being viewed in June 2024 and added to the relevant page below. Then further research will be carried out to give the details for each plant from other books and the Internet. May be finished in August 2025 for this gallery and then flower comparisons will be added to 7 flower colours per month Colour Wheel - below - in Evergreen Per Gallery.
A, B, C, D, E,
F, G, H, I, J,
K, L, M, N, O,
P, QR, S, T, UV,
WXYZ

Chalk Plants flowering in - as the details for each plant in the above index is completed, then that relevant row is copied to a row in the respective flowering month(s) is
January and February, viewed in may 2024
March, viewed in may 2024
April, viewed in june 2024
May, viewed in june 2024
June,
July,
August,
September,
October,
November and December

7 Flower Colours per Month in Colour Wheel below

for Evergreen Perennials only prior to July 2022,
from July 2022 it will compare every plant with flowers in this website
in the EVERGREEN PERENNIAL Gallery including these plants that grow on Chalk - when it is the turn when these plants suitable for chalk; can be entered into the Evergreen Perennial 7 Flower Colours per Month in the Colour Wheel below, then that will be done

Click on Black or White box in Colour of Month.

colormonth9a9a1a1

Other Plants to grow in Chalk:-
Daffodils, viewed in June 2024
Paeonies, viewed in October 2024
Roses, viewed in August 2024
Lilies on Chalk Soil

UKButterflies Larval Foodplants website page lists the larval foodplants used by British butterflies. The name of each foodplant links to a Google search. An indication of whether the foodplant is a primary or secondary food source is also given. Please note that the Butterfly you see for only a short time has grown up on plants as an egg, caterpillar and chrysalis for up to 11 months, before becoming a butterfly. If the plants that they live on during that time are removed, or sprayed with herbicide, then you will not see the butterfly.
Plants used by the Butterflies follow the Plants used by the Egg, Caterpillar and Chrysalis as stated in A Butterfly Book for the Pocket by Edmund Sandars. Published by Oxford University Press London: Humphrey Milford in 1939.
Plant Name	Butterfly Name	Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly	Plant Usage	Plant Usage Months
Alder Buckthorn	Brimstone	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg under leaf. Eats leaves. ---	10 days in May-June 28 days. 12 days.
Aspen	Large Tortoiseshell	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. Feeds on leaves. Hangs suspended from stem.	Hatches after 18-22 days in April. 30 days in May 9 days in June.
Black Medic	Common Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. Eats buds and flowers. Base of food plant.	- - Spend winter at the base of the food plant. They resume feeding in March. 2 weeks
Common Birdsfoot Trefoil	Chalk-Hill Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg at base of plant. Eats leaves. ---	Late August-April April-June 1 Month
Common Birdsfoot Trefoil	Common Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. Eats buds and flowers. Base of food plant.	- - Spend winter at the base of the food plant. They resume feeding in March. 2 weeks
Common Birdsfoot Trefoil	Wood White	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. Eats leaves. ---	7 days in June. 32 days in June-July. July-May.
Bitter Vetch	Wood White	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. Eats leaves. ---	7 days in June. 32 days in June-July. July-May.
Borage	Queen of Spain Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. Eats leaves, then before pupating it eats the bloom and leaves of the pansies. ---	7 days in August. 23 days in August-September. 3 weeks in September
Bramble	Holly Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. Eats flower bud. ---	7 days. 28-42 days. 18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.
Buckthorn	Holly Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. Eats flower bud. ---	7 days. 28-42 days. 18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.
Buckthorn - Alder Buckthorn and Common Buckthorn	Brimstone	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg under leaf. Eats leaves. ---	10 days in May-June. 28 days. 12 days.
Burdocks	Painted Lady	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves. ---	2 weeks 7-11days 7-11 days
Cabbages - Large White eats all cruciferous plants, such as cabbages, mustard, turnips, radishes, cresses, nasturtiums, wild mignonette and dyer's weed	Large White	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	40-100 eggs on both surfaces of leaf. Eats leaves. ---	May-June and August-Early September. 4.5-17 days. 30-32 days 14 days for May-June eggs, or overwinter till April
Cabbages	Small White	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of leaf. Eats leaves. ---	May-June and August. 7 days. 28 days 21 days for May-June eggs, or overwinter till March
Cabbages:- Charlock, Cuckoo Flower (Lady's Smock), Hedge-Mustard, Garlic-Mustard, Yellow Rocket (Common Winter-Cress), Watercress	Green-veined White	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of leaf. Eats leaves. ---	July or August; hatches in 3 days. 16 days. 14 days in July or for caterpillars of August, they overwinter till May.
Cabbages:- Charlock, Creeping Yellow-cress, Cuckoo Flower (Lady's Smock), Dame's Violet, Hedge-Mustard, Horseradish, Garlic-Mustard, Lady's Smock, Large Bittercress, Rock-cress (Common Winter-Cress), Yellow Rocket (Common Winter-Cress), Watercress , Wild Turnip	Orange Tip	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. Eats leaves, buds, flowers and especially the seed pods. ---	May-June 7 days. June-July 24 days. August-May
Cherry with Wild Cherry, Morello Cherry and Bird Cherry	Large Tortoiseshell	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. Feeds on leaves. Hangs suspended from stem.	Hatches after 18-22 days in April. 30 days in May. 9 days in June.
Clovers 1, 2, 3	Common Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. Eats buds and flowers. Base of food plant.	- - Spend winter at the base of the food plant. They resume feeding in March. 2 weeks.
Clovers 1, 2, 3	Pale Clouded Yellow	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves.	10 days in May-June. July-August. 17 days in August-September.
Clovers 1, 2, 3	Clouded Yellow	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves.	6 days in May-June. 30 days. 18 days in July-August.
Cocksfoot is a grass	Large Skipper	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg under leaf. Eats leaves. ---	11 Months 3 weeks from May
Cow-wheat (Common CowWheat, Field CowWheat)	Heath Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. Feeds on leaves until end of August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats young leaves until June. ---	Hatches after 16 days in June. June-April 25 days in June.
Currants (Red Currant, Black Currant and Gooseberry)	Comma	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. Eats leaves. ---
Devilsbit Scabious	Marsh Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. Feeds on leaves until late August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until May. ---	Hatches after 20 days in July. July-May. 15 days in May.
Dog Violet with Common Dog Violet, Heath Dog Violet and Wood Dog Violet	Silver-washed Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on oak or pine tree trunk Hibernates in a crevice in the bark of the tree trunk. Moves out of tree to eat Dog Violet leaves. On rock or twig.	15 days in July. August-March. March-May. Late June-July
Dog Violet with Common Dog Violet, Heath Dog Violet and Wood Dog Violet	Pearl-bordered Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf or stem. Feeds on leaves until July. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats young leaves until May. ---	Hatches after 15 days in May-June. July-May. 9 days in June.
Dog Violet with Common Dog Violet, Heath Dog Violet and Wood Dog Violet	Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf or stem. Feeds on leaves until July. Hibernates in dead leaves until March. Eats young leaves until April. ---	Hatches after 10 days in May-June. June-April April-June.
Dogwood	Holly Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. Eats flower bud. ---	7 days. 28-42 days. 18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.
Elm and Wych Elm	Large Tortoiseshell	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. Feeds on leaves. Hangs suspended from stem.	Hatches after 18-22 days in April. 30 days in May. 9 days in June.
False Brome is a grass (Wood Brome, Wood False-brome and Slender False-brome)	Large Skipper	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg under leaf. Eats leaves. ---	... 11 Months 3 weeks from May
Foxglove	Marsh Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. Feeds on leaves until late August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until May. ---	Hatches after 20 days in July. July-May 15 days in May.
Fyfield Pea	Wood White	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. Eats leaves. ---	7 days in June. 32 days in June-July. July-May.
Garden Pansy	Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf or stem. Feeds on leaves until July. Hibernates in dead leaves until March. Eats young leaves until April. ---	Hatches after 10 days in May-June. June-April April-June.
Gorse	Holly Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. Eats flower bud. ---	7 days. 28-42 days. 18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.
Heartsease	Queen of Spain Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. Eats leaves, then before pupating it eats the bloom and leaves of the pansies. ---	7 days in August. 23 days in August-September. 3 weeks in September
Hogs's Fennel	Swallowtail	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. Eats leaves, and moves to stems of sedges or other fen plants before pupating. ---	14 days in July-August. August-September. September-May.
Holly	Holly Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. Eats flower bud. ---	7 days. 28-42 days. 18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.
Honesty (Lunaria biennis)	Orange Tip	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg laid in the tight buds and flowers. Eats leaves, buds, flowers and especially the seed pods. ---	May-June 7 days. June-July 24 days. August-May
Honeysuckle	Marsh Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. Feeds on leaves until late August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until May. ---	Hatches after 20 days in July. July-May. 15 days in May.
Hop	Comma	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. Eats leaves. ---
Horseshoe vetch	Adonis Blue Chalk-Hill Blue Berger's Clouded Yellow	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg under leaf. Eats leaves. --- 1 egg at base of plant. Eats leaves. --- 1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves. ---	1 then June-March or September to July 3 weeks. Late August-April. April-June 1 Month 8-10 days in Late May-June or Middle August-September June-July or September to October 8-15 days
Ivy	Holly Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. Eats flower bud. ---	7 days. 28-42 days. 18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.
Kidney Vetch	Chalk-Hill Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis Butterfly	1 egg at base of plant. Eats leaves. --- Eats nectar.	Late August-April. April-June 1 Month 20 days
Lucerne	Pale Clouded Yellow Clouded Yellow	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves. 1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves. ---	10 days in May-June. July-August. 17 days in August-September. 6 days in May-June. 30 days. 18 days in July-August.
Mallows	Painted Lady	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves. ---	2 weeks 7-11days 7-11 days
Melilot	Clouded Yellow	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves.	6 days in May-June. 30 days. 18 days in July-August.
Mignonettes	Small White	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of leaf. Eats leaves. ---	May-June and August. 7 days. 28 days 21 days for May-June eggs, or overwinter till March
Milk Parsley	Swallowtail	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. Eats leaves, and moves to stems of sedges or other fen plants before pupating. ---	14 days in July-August. August-September September-May
Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain)	Heath Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. Feeds on leaves until end of August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats young leaves until June. ---	Hatches after 16 days in June. June-April. 25 days in June.
Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain)	Glanville Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. Feeds on leaves until middle of August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until April-May. ---	Hatches after 16 days in June. June-April. 25 days in April-May.
Nasturtium from Gardens	Small White	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of leaf. Eats leaves. ---	May-June and August. 7 days. 28 days. 21 days for May-June eggs, or overwinter till March
Oak Tree	Silver-washed Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on tree trunk Hibernates in a crevice in the bark of the tree trunk. Moves out of tree to eat Dog Violet leaves. On rock or twig.	15 days in July. August-March. March-May. Late June-July
Mountain pansy, Seaside Pansy, Field Pansy and Cultivated Pansy.	Queen of Spain Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. Eats leaves of borage, sainfoin and heartsease, then before pupating it eats the bloom and leaves of the pansies. ---	7 days in August. 23 days in August-September 3 weeks in September
Pine Tree	Silver-washed Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on tree trunk. Hibernates in a crevice in the bark of the tree trunk. Moves out of tree to eat Dog Violet leaves. On rock or twig.	15 days in July. August-March. March-May. Late June-July
Plantains	Marsh Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. Feeds on leaves until late August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until May. ---	Hatches after 20 days in July. July-May 15 days in May.
Poplar	Large Tortoiseshell	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. Feeds on leaves. Hangs suspended from stem.	Hatches after 18-22 days in April. 30 days in May. 9 days in June.
Restharrow	Common Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. Eats buds and flowers. Base of food plant.	- - Spend winter at the base of the food plant. They resume feeding in March. 2 weeks
Rock-rose	Brown Argus	Egg, Caterpillar	1 egg under leaf. Eats leaves.
Sainfoin	Queen of Spain Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg laid under the leaf or on top of the flower. Eats leaves, then before pupating it eats the bloom and leaves of the pansies. ---	7 days in August. 23 days in August-September 3 weeks in September
Common Sallow (Willows, Osiers)	Large Tortoiseshell	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. Feeds on leaves. Hangs suspended from stem	Hatches after 18-22 days in April. 30 days in May. 9 days in June.
Sea Plantain	Glanville Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. Feeds on leaves until middle of August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until April-May. ---	Hatches after 16 days in June. June-April 25 days in April-May.
Snowberry	Holly Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. Eats flower bud. ---	7 days. 28-42 days. 18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.
Spindle-tree	Holly Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of a flower bud on its stalk. Eats flower bud. ---	7 days. 28-42 days. 18 days. Early September to Late April for second generation.
Stinging Nettle	Comma Painted Lady Peacock	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis Egg Caterpillar Chrysalis Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. Eats leaves. --- 1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves. --- Dense mass of 450-500 eggs on the under side of leaves over a 2 hour period. Eats leaves, and moves to another plant before pupating. ---	2 weeks in June. 7-11 days. 7-11 days. 14 days in April-May. 28 days. 13days.
Storksbill	Brown Argus	Egg, Caterpillar	1 egg under leaf. Eats leaves.
Thistles	Painted Lady	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves. ---	2 weeks 7-11days 7-11 days
Trefoils 1, 2, 3	Clouded Yellow	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves.	6 days in May-June. 30 days. 18 days in July-August.
Vetches	Common Blue	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Groups of eggs on upper side of leaf. Eats buds and flowers. Base of food plant.	- - Spend winter at the base of the food plant. They resume feeding in March. 2 weeks
Vetches	Wood White	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg laid on underside of leaflets or bracts. Eats leaves. ---	7 days in June. 32 days in June-July. July-May.
Violets:- Common Dog Violet, Hairy Violet, Heath Dog-violet Pale Dog violet Sweet Violet	Dark Green Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on underside of leaf or on stalk. Hibernates where it hatches. Eats leaves. Base of food plant.	July-August for 17 days. Spends winter on plant until end of March. Eats leaves until end of May. 4 weeks.
Violets:- Common Dog Violet, Hairy Violet, Heath Dog-violet Pale Dog violet Sweet Violet	High Brown Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on stem or stalk near plant base. Feed on young leaves, stalks and stems ---	July to hatch in 8 months in March. 9 weeks ending in May. 4 weeks
Vipers Bugloss	Painted Lady	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. Eats leaves. ---	2 weeks. 7-11days. 7-11 days
Whitebeam (White Beam)	Large Tortoiseshell	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. Feeds on leaves. Hangs suspended from stem.	Hatches after 18-22 days in April. 30 days in May. 9 days in June.
Wild Angelica	Swallowtail	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	1 egg on leaf. 5 or 6 eggs may be deposited by separate females on one leaf. Eats leaves, and moves to stems of sedges or other fen plants before pupating. ---	14 days in July-August. August-September. September-May
Willow (Bay Willow)	Large Tortoiseshell	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches encircling the branch of the food plant. Feeds on leaves. Hangs suspended from stem.	Hatches after 18-22 days in April. 30 days in May. 9 days in June.
Wood-Sage	Marsh Fritillary	Egg, Caterpillar Chrysalis	Eggs laid in batches on the under side of the leaves. Feeds on leaves until late August. Hibernates on dead leaves until March. Eats leaves until May. ---	Hatches after 20 days in July. July-May. 15 days in May.
Plants used by the Butterflies
Plant Name	Butterfly Name	Egg/ Caterpillar/ Chrysalis/ Butterfly	Plant Usage	Plant Usage Months
Asters in gardens	Comma	Butterfly	Eats nectar.
Runner and Broad Beans in fields and gardens	Large White Small White	Butterfly	Eats nectar	April-June or July-September. March-May or June-September
Aubretia in gardens	Clouded Yellow	Butterfly	Eats nectar	May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November
Birch	Holly Blue	Butterfly	Eats sap exuding from trunk.	April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation.
Common Birdsfoot Trefoil	Chalk-Hill Blue Wood White Marsh Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	20 days. May-June. 30 days in May-June.
Bitter Vetch	Wood White	Butterfly	Eats nectar	May-June
Bluebell	Holly Blue Pearl-bordered Fritillary Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. June. June-August.
Bramble	Comma Silver-washed Fritillary High Brown Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	July-October. 7 weeks in July-August. June-August
Buddleias in gardens	Comma Peacock	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	July-October. July-May
Bugle	Wood White Pearl-bordered Fritillary Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary Heath Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	May-June. June. June-August. June-July.
Cabbage and cabbages in fields	Large White Small White Green-veined White Orange Tip	Butterfly	Eats nectar	April-June or July-September. March-May or June-September. A Month during May-June or second flight in late July-August. May-June for 18 days.
Charlock	Painted Lady	Butterfly	Eats nectar	July-October
Clovers 1, 2, 3	Adonis Blue Chalk-Hill Blue Painted Lady Peacock Large White Small White	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September 20 days in August. July-October. July-May. April-June or July-September. March-May or June-September
Clovers 1, 2, 3	Pale Clouded Yellow Clouded Yellow Berger's Clouded Yellow Queen of Spain Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November. 1 Month in May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November. May-September.
Cow-wheat (Common CowWheat, Field CowWheat)	Heath Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	June-July
Cuckoo Flower (Lady's Smock)	Wood White	Butterfly	Eats nectar	May-June
Dandelion	Holly Blue Marsh Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation. 30 days in May-June.
Fleabanes	Common Blue	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	3 weeks between May and September
Germander Speedwell (Veronica chamaedrys - Birdseye Speedwell)	Heath Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	June-July
Greater Knapweed	Comma Peacock Clouded Yellow Brimstone	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	July-October. July-May. May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November. 12 months
Hawkbit	Marsh Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	30 days in May-June.
Heartsease	Queen of Spain Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	May-September
Hedge Parsley	Orange Tip	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	May-June for 18 days.
Hemp agrimony	Comma	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	July-October
Horseshoe vetch	Adonis Blue Chalk-Hill Blue	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	1 Month. 20 days
Ivy	Painted Lady Brimstone	Butterfly	Eats nectar. Hibernates during winter months in its foliage.	July-October. October-July
Lucerne	Painted Lady Large White Small White Pale Clouded Yellow Clouded Yellow Berger's Clouded Yellow	Butterfly	Eats nectar	July-October. April-June or July-September. March-May or June-September May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November. May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November. 1 Month in May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November
Marigolds in gardens	Clouded Yellow	Butterfly	Eats nectar	May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November
Marjoram	Adonis Blue Chalk-Hill Blue Common Blue Clouded Yellow	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September. 20 days in August. 3 weeks in May-September. May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November
Michaelmas Daisies in gardens	Comma	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	July-October
Mignonettes	Large White Small White	Butterfly	Eats nectar	April-June or July-September. March-May or June-September
Narrow-leaved Plantain (Ribwort Plantain)	Heath Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	June-July
Nasturtiums in gardens	Large White Small White	Butterfly	Eats nectar	April-June or July-September March-May or June-September
Oak Tree	Holly Blue	Butterfly	Eats sap exuding from trunk.	April-Mid June and Mid July-Early September for second generation.
Primroses	Pearl-bordered Fritillary Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	June. June-August.
Ragged Robin	Wood White Heath Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	May-June. June-July.
Scabious	Painted Lady Peacock	Butterfly	Eats nectar	July-October. July-May
Sedum	Peacock	Butterfly	Eats nectar	July-May
Teasels	Silver-washed Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	7 weeks in July-August.
Thistles - Creeping Thistle, Dwarf Thistle, Marsh Thistle, Meadow Thistle, Melancholy Thistle, Milk Thistle, Musk Thistle, Seaside Thistle, Scotch Thistle, Spear Thistle, Tuberous Thistle, Welted Thistle, Woolly Thistle	Comma Painted Lady Peacock Swallowtail Clouded Yellow Brimstone Silver-washed Fritillary High Brown Fritillary Dark Green Fritillary Queen of Spain Fritillary Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	July-October. July-October. July-May. May-July. May-June or August till killed by frost and damp in September-November. 12 months. 7 weeks in July-August June-August. July-August for 6 weeks. May-September. June-August.
Thymes	Common Blue	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	3 weeks between May and September
Trefoils 1, 2, 3	Adonis Blue Chalk-Hill Blue Glanville Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	1 Month during Mid-May to Mid-June or during August-September 20 days in August. June-July
Vetches	Chalk-Hill Blue Glanville Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar.	20 days in August. June-July.
Violets	Pearl-bordered Fritillary Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	June. June-August.
Wood-Sage	Heath Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats nectar	June-July
Apple/Pear/Cherry/Plum Fruit Tree Blossom in Spring	Peacock	Butterfly	Eats Nectar	April-May
Rotten Fruit	Peacock	Butterfly	Drinks juice	July-September
Tree sap and damaged ripe fruit, which are high in sugar	Large Tortoiseshell	Butterfly	Hibernates inside hollow trees or outhouses until March. Eats sap or fruit juice until April.	10 months in June-April
Wild Flowers	Large Skipper Brimstone Silver-washed Fritillary. Queen of Spain Fritillary	Butterfly	Eats Nectar	June-August 12 months. 7 weeks in July-August. May-September
Links to the other Butterflies:- Black Hairstreak Brown Hairstreak Camberwell Beauty Chequered Skipper Dingy Skipper Duke of Burgundy Essex Skipper Gatekeeper Grayling Green Hairstreak Grizzled Skipper Hedge Brown Large Blue Large Heath Long-tailed Blue Lulworth Skipper Marbled White Mazarine Blue Meadow Brown Monarch Northern Brown Argus Purple Emperor Purple Hairstreak Red Admiral Ringlet Scotch Argus Short-tailed Blue Silver-spotted Skipper Silver-studded Blue Small Copper Small Heath Small Mountain Ringlet Small Skipper Small Tortoiseshell Speckled Wood Wall Brown White Admiral White-letter Hairstreak			Topic - Wildlife on Plant Photo Gallery. Some UK native butterflies eat material from UK Native Wildflowers and live on them as eggs, caterpillars (Large Skipper eats False Brome grass - Brachypodium sylvaticum - for 11 months from July to May as a Caterpillar before becoming a Chrysalis within 3 weeks in May) chrysalis or butterflies ALL YEAR ROUND. Please leave a small area in your garden for wildflowers to grow without disturbance throughout the year for the benefit of butterflies, moths and other wildlife who are dependant on them. Butterfly Usage of Plants by Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly	Wild Flower Family Page (the families within "The Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers" by David McClintock & R.S.R. Fitter, Published in 1956 They are not in Common Name alphabetical order and neither are the common names of the plants detailed within each family. These families within that book will have their details described in alphabetical order for both the family name and its plants. The information in the above book is back-referenced to the respective page in "Flora of the British Isles" by A.R. Clapham of University of Sheffield, T.G. Tutin of University College, Leicester and E.F. Warburg of University of Oxford. Printed by Cambridge at the University Press in 1952 for each plant in all the families)
When you look at the life history graphs of each of the 68 butterflies of Britain, you will see that they use plants throughout all 12 months - the information of what plant is used by the egg, caterpillar, chrysalis or butterfly is also given in the above first column. With this proposed removal of all plants required for butterflies etc to live in and pro-create; at least once a year by the autumn or spring clearing up, the wildlife in public parks is destroyed as is done in every managed park in the world. Please leave something for the wildlife to live in without disturbance; rather than destroy everything so children can ride their bicycles anywhere they want when the park is open during the day and they are not at school. THE LIFE AND DEATH OF A FLAILED CORNISH HEDGE - This details that life and death from July 1972 to 2019, with the following result:- "Of the original 186 flowering species (including sub-species), the 5 colour forms and the 8 unconfirmed species, (193 flowering species in total) only 55 have persisted throughout the 35 years of flailing since 1972. Of these 55 species:- 3 species are unchanged. 11 species have disastrously increased. 41 species are seriously reduced in number, most by over 90%. Of these, 18 are now increasing under the somewhat lighter flailing regime. 13 are still decreasing, and 35 have only a few specimens (from 1-12 plants) left. Of the rest of the original species:- 37 species and 3 colour forms have disappeared, then reappeared after varying lengths of time. Of these, 20 have fewer than 6 plants, most of them only 1 or 2, and are liable to disappear again. Only 6 of the recovered species look capable of surviving in the longer term. 23 species have reappeared, then disappeared again due to being flailed before they could set seed or to being overcome by rank weeds. Only 3 species have reappeared for a second time, and one of these has since disappeared for the third time. 68 species and 2 colour forms disappeared and have never reappeared to date (2008). Of the 83 flowering species (excluding 11 rampant species) and 3 colour forms now present in the survey mile, around 50 are unlikely to survive there in the long term, certainly not in viable numbers, if flailing continues. Unless the degradation of habitat, high fertility and spread of ivy and other rampant weeds can be reversed, it appears highly unlikely that more than a dozen or so of the lost floral species can ever safely return or be re-introduced. The only birds sighted more than once so far this year along the mile have been magpie, rook, crow and buzzard, and a swallow (probably the same one each time) hunting between the hedges now and then at the sheltered eastern end of the mile. One wren heard June 21st, one blackbird seen June 27th (these also at the eastern end) and one greenfinch today July 31st. On this hot sunny high-summer day counted only 7 hedge brown butterflies (6 of them males), one red admiral and one large white. Half a dozen small bumblebees, two carder bees, half a dozen hoverflies of two common Eristalis species, one flesh fly, one scorpion fly and one dragonfly, Cordulegaster boltonii, not hunting, zooming straight down the road and disappearing into the distance. Only 8 butterfly species so far this year, and only one specimen each of five of them (red admiral, speckled wood, large white, ringlet and large skipper, the latter seen only once since 1976). Only small white, hedge brown and speckled wood have managed to appear every year since the flail arrived. For some years I have been noticing very small specimens particularly of hedge brown and speckled wood. This year nearly all the hedge browns seen in the mile ('all' being a dozen or so in total) are of this stunted size, some of the males appearing really tiny. I am wondering if this might be a response to general environmental stress, or due to inbreeding as flail-reduced numbers are so low. The hedge brown does not fly far from its hatching place so mating opportunity is now extremely limited. With the few species of insects now seen in the hedges there seems to be a high proportion of males to females, at least five to one. So far this year only a single moth has come to the house lights. It was a Drinker, and it killed itself against the bulb before it could be saved. September 21st. Most of the survey mile closely flailed today along both sides of the road. End note, June 2008. I hear spring vetch has been officially recorded somewhere in West Cornwall and confirmed as a presence in the county, so perhaps I can be permitted to have seen it pre-1972 in the survey mile. I wonder where they found it? It's gone from hedges where it used to be, along with other scarcities and so-called scarcities that used to flourish in so many hedges unrecorded, before the flail arrived. I have given careful thought to including mention of some of the plants and butterflies. So little seems to be known of the species resident in Cornish hedges pre-flail that I realise some references may invite scepticism. I am a sceptic myself, so sympathise with the reaction; but I have concluded that, with a view to re-establishing vulnerable species, it needs to be known that they can with the right management safely and perpetually thrive in ordinary Cornish hedges. In future this knowledge could solve the increasingly difficult question of sufficient and suitable sites for sustainable wild flower and butterfly conservation - as long as it is a future in which the hedge-flail does not figure. Times and attitudes have changed since the days when the flail first appeared on the scene. The plight of our once-so-diverse wildlife is officially recognised as a priority; agricultural grants may embrace conservation measures, and perhaps economic strictures will tend more to a live-and-let-live policy in future with less of the expensive, pointless and desecrating "tidying-up". We now have an enthusiastic generation keen to help nature recover its diversity, but often unsure as to how this is best achieved. [Please see CHL "Restoring Biodiversity in Cornish Hedges"] 21st September 2007. There is still widespread ignorance of the effects of such destructive machinery as the flail-mower and other rotary trimmers and strimmers. Few people but the elderly now remember or understand the life that ought to be abundant in the everyday hedges, verges, field margins and waste places. The simple remedy of returning to the clean-cutting finger-bar scythe used in late winter, trimming alternate sides of the hedge in different years, not trimming green herbaceous growth and leaving the cut material (mainly dead stems and twigs) on or near the hedge, is largely unrealised. This wildlife-friendly type of trimmer is still available from some suppliers. Cornwall County Council has changed from being (in this instance) the chief offender to employing said-to-be environmentally-aware officers concerned with reconciling conservation and development. In recent years the council has issued instructional leaflets about hedges and their wildlife, including one entitled Cornish Roadside Hedge Management (since altered, perhaps not entirely for the better). This leaflet largely embodied the principles that our petition of 1985 asked for. Ironically, it is no longer the council's employees who are carrying out the work. Although this advice is now available, it does not necessarily reach the farmers and contractors out on the job. The flails are still in destructive action at any time from June onwards, though on the whole the work does seem to be being done later rather than sooner. Some farmers are now correctly leaving it until January and early February, a good time to allot to road work while other farm jobs may have to wait for drier weather. Most farmers, despite the bad publicity they tend to suffer, truly wish to do the best they can for their wildlife. Sadly for all, the flail is still the universally-available tool. Those ignorant of the flail's real effects may imagine that 'sensitive' use of it is all right, as some common plant and insect species return temporarily and a few others increase when the work is switched to the less damaging time of year and done lightly. In the longer term, this is delusive; even in winter an unacceptable number of individuals are killed at every flailing and the habitat still inexorably degrades. No matter how or when or how seldom the flail is used, species continue to die out. Until naturalists and environmentalists understand the catastrophic and cumulative effects of the flail they will continue to say they don't know why, despite all well-intentioned efforts, the numbers and diversity of wild flowers, songbirds, bats, butterflies, moths and bumblebees are still falling. Nature lovers have to stop thinking mainly in terms of schemes to benefit a handful of charismatic species at special sites, and start looking at what the flail and other rotary mowers have done to thousands upon thousands of acres of the British countryside and billions upon billions of its most essential, ordinary inhabitants. It has struck at the major heart of the core existence of our native species, slaughtering them wholesale in that very sanctuary of the hedges and verges. These species had already mostly gone from the rest of the local area; the hedges where they had all taken refuge were their last resort. The remnants of species and their precarious survivors are still being wiped out, smashed to death every time the flail is used. It is the utterly wrong tool for the job and it has to be scrapped. A brand-new flail-mower operating in February 2008. Right time of year for trimming, wrong kind of trimmer. As long as it is manufactured and turned out into the roads and fields the flail will decimate wild flowers, massacre the small creatures remaining in the hedges and verges, destroy their habitat and ruin the ancient structure of Cornwall's hedges. Since the last yellowhammer flew across the road in 1980, I have never seen another while walking the survey mile. Since the last grasshopper in July 1981, I have never seen or heard another in these hedges. Since all the other species this diary recorded absent disappeared, they have not been seen again except in the few instances stated in the text. Most of the remaining species are declining. Fewer than half of them are likely to survive in the longer term if present trends continue. The long-vanished flowering species are likely never to return, as repeated flailing before seeding has exhausted their dormant seed stocks. The survey mile is typically representative of a majority of Cornish roadside hedges. The photographs - in the pdf in their website - illustrating many of the flowering species lost were not taken in the survey hedge,for the obvious reason that they were no longer there. Most were taken in the house's wild garden adjoining, while those that did not grow there were obtained only with extreme difficulty, by searching all over West Penwith in a roughly thirty-mile radius for un-flailed pockets of survival. Along the roadside hedges, in this whole distance I found just one or two plants or patches of only a few of the species sought - common toadflax, field scabious, tufted vetch, scentless mayweed, red clover, self-heal - species that before the flail were so commonly seen along the whole length of hundreds of hedges in West Cornwall, now growing only where for some unusual reason of situation the flail had missed. Some of the photographs of invertebrate species killed out by the flail in the survey mile were taken in the garden adjoining, where, despite nurturing since pre-flail days, the majority have now disappeared due to over-predation. In the survey mile this year, for the first time since 1992, the hedges remained un-flailed throughout the summer, giving a few common invertebrates the chance to reappear. No adult moth is illustrated because only half a dozen individuals were seen during the whole summer season of 2007, unfortunately at moments when the camera was not in my hand or they were fluttering out of reach. The drinker caterpillar alone was found posing beautifully and goes down to posterity as the only visible surviving moth larva noted in the survey mile this year, illustrating the millions of his kind killed by the flail. Along this one typical mile of Cornish lane alone my records show that the flail has been the outright death or caused the persisting non-appearance of 90 flowering herbaceous species, 5 shrub species, 20 grass species, 60 moss species, 40 bird species, 23 butterfly species, 250 larger moth species, many scores of other invertebrate species, and untold thousands of individuals. It has condemned the hedge itself to a long-term, silent, living death, wrecked its antique stone construction and destroyed its great beauty. Along the whole of the estimated 30,000 miles of Cornish hedges the deaths of individual plants and creatures from flail-battering and the loss of their generations represent truly astronomical figures. The degradation of habitat resulting from flailing prevents revival in most species even where a few individuals manage to escape the physical impact of the flails. Although the effect in Cornwall with its solid hedge-banks and their more complex ecology may be worse than with the English hedgerow, the flail-induced wildlife crisis is nation-wide - and still almost universally unrecognised or unacknowledged. There is no hope of recovery for our countryside wildlife until the flail type of machine is consigned to the black museum of history. To achieve this it will probably have to be banned by law. The finger-bar scythe has to be reinstated and any trimming (except where needed for road-junction or access visibility) must be carried out in winter, the later the better between November 1st and February 28th. Trimming must take away the woody scrub growth on the sides of the hedge, leaving the herbaceous growth on the sides and the bushes on the top untouched. Only then can the flail-ruined hedges and verges begin to see a real return to some kind of healthy and abundant life." CHECK-LIST OF TYPES OF CORNISH HEDGE FLORA by Sarah Carter of Cornish Hedges Library:- "This check-list is a simple guide to the herbaceous plants typically indicating different habitat types found in the Cornish hedge. The short lists are of typical plants, not complete species lists for the habitat. Many of the plants in the Typical Hedge list also appear in the other types of hedge. Areas of intermediate population where location or physical conditions begin to change and habitats overlap are not included. Hedge Type:- Typical Cornish Hedge (woodland-edge/ heathland mixture) Coastal Hedge Moorland/ Heathland Hedges Woodland Hedge Wet Hedge (marsh or ditch) Stone Hedge (Earth capping but with stone core) Typical garden escapes in Cornish Hedges Typical species rampant in flail-damaged hedges Titles of papers available on www.cornishhedges.co.uk:- Advice for Working on Roadside Hedges Building Hedges in Cornwall Building Turf Hedges Building and Repairing Cornish Stone Stiles Butterflies, Moths and Other Insects in Cornish Hedges Check-list for Inspecting New or Restored Hedges in Cornwall Check-list of Types of Cornish Hedge Flora Code of Good Practice for Cornish Hedges Comments on the © Defra Hedgerow Survey Handbook (1st Edition) Comments on the © Defra Hedgerow Survey Handbook (2nd Edition) Cornish Hedges in Gardens Cornish Hedges on Development and Housing Sites Gates and Gateways in Cornish hedges Geology and Hedges in Cornwall Glossary of some Cornish Words used in the Countryside Hedges in the Cornish Landscape How to Look After a Cornish Hedge How Old is That Cornish Hedge? Literature Sources Mediaeval Hedges in Cornwall (450AD - 1550) Modern Hedges in Cornwall (1840 - present day) Mosses, Lichens, Fungi and Ferns in Cornish Hedges Pipe-laying and Other Cross-country Works Involving Hedges Post-Mediaeval Hedges in Cornwall (1550 - 1840) Prehistoric Hedges in Cornwall (5,000BC - 450AD) Repairing Cornish Hedges and Stone Hedges Repairing Turf Hedges Risk Assessment Guidance for working on Cornish Hedges Roadside Hedges and Verges in Cornwall The Curse of Rabbits in Cornish Hedges The Life and Death of a Flailed Cornish Hedge Trees on Hedges in Cornwall Unusual Old Features in Cornish Hedges Who Owns that Cornish Hedge? Wildlife and the Cornish Hedge THE GUILD OF CORNISH HEDGERS is the non-profit-making organisation founded in 2002 to support the concern among traditional hedgers about poor standards of workmanship in Cornish hedging today. The Guild has raised public awareness of Cornwall's unique heritage of hedges and promoted free access to the Cornish Hedges Library, the only existing source of full and reliable written knowledge on Cornish hedges."

Recommended Plants for Wildlife in different situations

The following Container Gardening for Wildlife is from Appendix 1 of The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993. ISBN 0 7153 0033 4 :- "It is quite possible to entice wildlife into even the most unpromising paved areas by utilising containers. Several mini-habitats can be created by growing a carefully selected range of trees, shrubs and flowers in pots, tubs, window boxes and hanging baskets. If the space is enclosed by walls or high fences, it is important to let the passing wildlife know that this area is a source of food and shelter. Aim to add height and greenery with a small native tree grown in a good-sized wooden barrel and add 1 or 2 berry-bearing shrubs. Clothe the walls in climbers for nesting birds and introduce nectar-rich flowers for the insects. Finally, put up a nesting box amongst the climbers and find a place for a feeding table in winter and a bird bath in the summer. Despite the lack of grass and full-size trees, a surprising range of creatures will begin to inhabit this new garden.	DON'T FORGET HERBS Herbs are amongst the most useful wildlife plants, including borage, mint, chives and rosemary, and are ideally suited to container growing. Do allow them to flower though, even at the expense of a continuous supply of leaves for cooking. FOUR-SEASON WINDOW BOX Try planting a window box with the following selection of evergreens, perennials, bulbs and bedding plants, for an all-the-year-round display. WINTER Ivy, hellebores, snowdrops SPRING Ivy, yellow crocus and grape hyacinths SUMMER Ivy, white alyssum and dwarf lavender AUTUMN Ivy, meadow saffron. APPENDIX 2 has a Traditional Wildlife Garden Plan and a Garden Plan for Urban Wildlife.	STEP-BY-STEP CONTAINER PLANTING Make sure the container has adequate drainage holes and that they are free of obstruction. Put a layer of broken clay pots or crockery over the base of the container. Half-fill with a multi-purpose potting compost. Place the plants in position and fill around the root ball with more compost. Press down firmly. Water well and add more compost if necessary, to bring the level up to 1 inch (2.5 cm) below the rim of the container. Use the self-watering containers and potting mix detailed in the Vegetable Gallery Site Map Page rather the the pots or multi-purpose potting compost detailed above. Provide an outside water tap and watering can, so that you can irrigate the pots without traipsing the can through the house. NOTE To boost the wildlife habitat in a concrete yard, make a pile of logs in one corner. As the wood begins to break down, it will house beetles, spiders and slugs - great food for birds. The cool, damp habitat may be secluded enough to offer daytime cover to a toad, or possibly frogs and newts from a nearby pond.	RECOMMENDED PLANTS TREES Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia 'Fastigiata') Dwarf form (120 inches (300 cms)). Flowers for insects and berries for birds. Willow (Salix caprea 'Pendula') Weeping form (120 inches (300 cms)). Catkins for insects, young leaves for caterpillars. SHRUBS Buddleia davidii (120 inches (300 cms)) Nectar from flowers for butterflies. Cotoneaster 'Hybridus Pendulus' (120 inches (300 cms)) Berries and flowers. Hawthorn (Craaegus monogyna) (180 inches (500 cms)) can be pruned hard to keep it within bounds. Secure nesting sites for birds. Berries and flowers. Holly (Ilex aquifolium) (to 180 inches (500 cms)) a male and female bush are needed to be sure of berries. Nesting cover for birds. Lavender (Lavendula angustifolia) Scented and attracts bees, flowers. --->	CLIMBERS Honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum) Summer wall and fence cover. Has nectar and flowers. Ivy (Hedera helix) All-year-round wall and fence cover. Has nectar and flowers. FLOWERS FOR NECTAR Alyssum Candytuft (Iberis) Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus). Nicotiana Night-scented stock (Matthiola bicornis). Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis). PLAN OF A SMALL ENCLOSED PATIO WITH CONTAINERS Exit doorway on left with window on its left and window box outside window. Group of pots between door and window. Another group of pots in corner after window with one of the pots containing a tree. A wall basket between that corner and the corner on the right where a barrel with ivy is growing up the wall. A bench is half-way down to the bottom right corner with its pot group and a pile of logs. A bird table is half-way across to the bottom left corner with its large pot." - Use a 4 inch (10 cm) plastic pipe through the wall to allow non-flying creatures access from the public area outside to your garden area.
The following Growing Marsh Plants in Containers is from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993. ISBN 0 7153 0033 4 :- Where space is limited, or simply as an alternative to conventional patio plants, it is possible to grow moisture-loving species in pots and tubs. The container needs to retain water - a terracotta pot which has a porouus structure would not be suitable, but a glazed ceramic pot would work well. Plastic pots can also be used - like the self-watering containers detailed in the Vegetable Gallery Site Map Page. Choose a pot at least 12 (30) deep and 16 (40) across. The best way to ensure the compost stays wet is to stand the whole pot in a substantial tray of water, so that the marsh can draw up moisture as it is needed (there is a water reservoir in the self-watering pots detailed above). Ordinary plant saucers will not hold enough water, and something deeper like a large kitchen roasting tin, which may not look so elegant, will do the job more effectively. Spring is an ideal time to plant moisture-loving plants. Fill the container with a loam-based potting compost, insert the plants and water until soaked. Choose plants that won't outgrow the limited space too quickly. Include a selection of tall-growing species like purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), sweet flag (Acorus calamus) and ragged robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi) alongside smaller plants like bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata) and x-lips (Primula elatior). Avoid lady's smock (Cardamine pratensis) and water mint (Mentha aquatica) which can spread too quickly. Keep the water in the base tray topped up, using rainwater collected in a water butt where possible. Keeping the tray full of water is particularly important in long, hot, dry spells, although in spring and autumn the naturall rainfall will probably be adequate. Cut back the foliage in the autumn to prevent the pots becoming choked with decaying material. Repot the plants every 2 or 3 years when they start to outgrow their containers. In the second year after planting, the plants may have used up the nutrients in the compost and will need an extra boost from a slow-release fertiliser.	MOISTURE-LOVING NATIVE PLANTS Plant / Use of Plant	Height	Flower Colour	Flowering Time
	Bog Bean (Menyanthes trifoliata) / Moths	10 (25)	White	Mid-Summer
	Globe Flower (Trollius europaeus /	24 (60)	Yellow	Early Summer
	Oxlip (Primula elatior) / Bee plant, Butterfly nectar plant	6 (15)	Pale Yellow	Late spring
	Primrose (Primula vulgaris) / Butterfly nectar plant	4 (10)	Pale Yellow	Mid-spring
	Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) / Bee plant, Butterfly nectar plant	36 (90)	Pink-purple	Summer
	Ragged Robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi) / Butterfly nectar plant	24 (60)	Pink	Summer
	Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus) /	24 (60)	Green	Mid-summer
	Bog Arum (Calla palustris) / Naturalised in places in Britain	6 (15)	Yellow-green	Summer
	Hemp Agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum) / Bee plant, Butterfly nectar plant	48 (120)	Reddish-pink	Late summer
	Lady's Smock (Cardamine pratensis) / Attractive to Hoverflies, Caterpillar food plant, Butterfly nectar plant	9 (23)	Pale pink	Spring
	Marsh Betony (Stachys palustris) / Bee plant	12 (30)	Purple	Summer
	Marsh Cinquefoil (Potentilla palustris) /	9 (23)	Dark red	Summer
	Marsh St John's Wort (Hypericum elodes) /	6 (15)	Pale yellow	Summer
	Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) /	36 (90)	Creamy-white	Summer
The following Planning a Herb Bed or Garden is from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993. ISBN 0 7153 0033 4 :- TOP HERBS FOR WILDLIFE Although there are a huge number of culinary and medicinal herbs which can be grown, not all are relevant to wildlife. The herbs in the fourth column describe the best herbs for attracting garden wildlife. PREPARING THE SITE The best location for a herb bed is one which gets a lot of sun and where the soil is already well drained. Most herbs dislike getting waterlogged roots and can tolerate almost drought conditions - in fact, those like rosemary and marjoram with Mediterranean ancestry, improve in taste, scent and flower growth in a sunny location. If the soil is not ideal (heavy clay for instance), it is possible to add some coarse grit to aid drainage. However, it might be smpler and more productive to grow the herbs in pots - like the self-watering containers detailed in the Vegetable Gallery Site Map Page, putting in a good layer of gravel before adding the compost. The ground should be dug thoroughly, removing any weeds --->	and large stones. Lay brick paths, edging tiles or wooden dividers before planting the herbs. HERBS FOR LESS-THAN-IDEAL CONDITIONS Although most herbs prefer a sunny position in a well-drained soil, there are some which will tolerate shade and a heavier soil. The resulting plants may not do as well but there is no need to give up the idea of growing herbs altogether and the wildlife will still find them useful. Mint (Mentha) can tolerate shade although it does tend to grow towards the light and become crooked and leggy. Tansy (Tanecetum vulgare) is an excellent native plant for butterflies and it is not too fussy about growing conditions. Lovage (Levisticum officinale), a relative of the fennel, is also worth growing for its young leaves which add a celery flavour to soups and stews. It will grow quite adequately in a dark, damp spot and the flowers produced, although not as abundant as they should be, will provide nectar for hoverflies, wasps and bees. Comfrey (Symphytum x uplandicum) should be included purely for its leaves which are a reliable food source for moth and butterfly caterpillars. Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is another strong grower in less than ideal conditions. Its white or pale yellow flowers rely on bees for their pollination. --->	Garden chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium) is an annual herb, greatly prized for the flavour of its parsley-like leaves. It will tolerate some shade, but prefers a well-drained soil. Great burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) is a tall native herb that prefers a damp habitat and a heavy clay soil. The tiny crimson flowers appear from mid-summer to early autumn. Angelica (Angelica archangelica), originally from central Europe, is widely naturalised in Britain. It will do well in a shady spot in damp soil and has huge seedheads in early autumn. PLANTING AND MAINTENANCE CALENDAR Late Summer - prepare site Autumn - Plant shrubs and pot-grown perennials Spring - Sow seeds of annuals Late Spring - Sow seeds of biennials Summer - Keep beds free of weeds; water container plants. Adas Colour Atlas of Weed Seedlings by J.B Williams and J.R. Morrison provides photos to the 40 most common weeds afflicting gardens and arable farm land. ISBN 0-7234-0929-3 Instead of snipping off the flowers as they appear, leave a few plants of parsley, mint, marjoram and lemon balm to flower naturally. Many more insects will visit the plants and consequently the herb garden will be a richer feeding ground for birds.	TOP HERBS FOR WILDLIFE Herb - Angelica (Angelica archangelica) Type - Biennial wildflower value - Flowers - hoverflies, bees. Leaves - butterflies, caterpillars. Seedheads - greenfinches, bluetits Borage (borago officinalis) Annual Flowers - bees Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) Perennial Flowers - bees, butterflies Comfrey (Symphytum uplandicum) Perennial Leaves - moths, butterflies Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare0 Perennial Flowers - bees, wasps, hoverflies Leaves - caterpillars Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) Perennial Flowers - lacewings, bees Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) Shrub Flowers - bees, butterflies Marjoram (Origanum vulgare) Perennial Flowers - bees, butterflies Mint (Mentha - all types) Perennial Flowers - bees, butterflies, moths Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Shrub Flowers - bees, butterflies, hoverflies Thyme (Thymus - all types) Perennial / shrub Flowers - bees, butterflies	The following Recommended Bulbs is from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993. ISBN 0 7153 0033 4 :- RECOMMENDED BULBS Name - Bluebell (Scilla non-scripta) Use of plant - Bee plant, Butterfly nectar plant Site - Hedgerows, woodland Depth of soil above the bulb - 2 (5) Crocus (Purple) (Crocus tomasinianus) Butterfly nectar plant Lawns, borders, under deciduous trees. 3 (8) Crocus (Yellow) (Crocus chrysanthus) Butterfly nectar plant Lawns, borders, under deciduous trees. 3(8) Grape Hyacinth (Muscari neglectum) Bee plant, Butterfly nectar plant. Lawns, borders. 3 (8) Ramsons Garlic (Allium ursinum) Butterfly nectar plant. 3 (8) Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) Under deciduous trees, shady borders. 2 (5) Wild Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) Bee plant. Lawns, banks. 3 (8) Winter Aconite (Eranthis hyemalis) Under deciduous trees, shady borders. 2 (5)
The following Incorporating Wildfflowers into an existing lawn is from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993. ISBN 0 7153 0033 4 :- INCORPORATING WILDFLOWERS INTO AN EXISTING LAWN There are basically 2 ways of doing this, both of which can be implemented in early autumn. The first involves sowing seed, the second planting pot-grown plants. Whichever method is chosen, the best results will be obtained with a lawn that is already patchy and weak in growth. The lush green grass of a well-fed lawn is likely to swamp any wildflowers that are introduced. SOWING WILDFLOWER SEED INTO AN EXISTING LAWN Begin by giving the lawn a thorough raking with a metal rake to remove moss, dead grass and leaves. Water thoroughly and sow the seed at the manufacturer's recommended rate. ADDING POT-GROWN WILDFLOWERS TO AN EXISTING LAWN After the last cut of the season is a good time to put in pot-grown wildflowers. More and more nurseries are stocking wildflowers in pots, but remember to choose species which will suit your intended regime of meadow maintenance. Place the plants in groups, with individual plants 8-16 (20-40) apart. Remove a plug of earth the same size as the pot, using a bulb planter or trowel. Knock the plants from their pots and place them in the holes, firming down the soil and watering well afterwards.	TYPICAL MEADOW MIXTURE 20% Flowering native perennials (as below) 40% Crested dog-tail (native grass) 30% Fescue (non-native grass) 10% Bent (lawn grass) SPRING-FLOWERING MEADOW PERENNIALS Bladder campion (Silene vulgaris) Cowslip (Primula veris) Lady's bedstraw (Galium verum) Meadow buttercup (Ranunculus acris) SUMMER-FLOWERING MEADOW PERENNIALS Betony (stachys officinalis) Bird's foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) Field scabious (Knautia arvensis) Greater Knapweed (Centaurea scabiosa) Meadow cranesbill (Geranium pratense) Musk mallow (Malva moschata) Ox-eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) Rough hawkbit (Leontodon hispidus) Selfheal (Prunella vulgaris) Lindum Turf sell wildflower Mats for your new wildflower lawn instead of part of your old lawn as well as Lindum's Wildflower Mat on Lindum's extensive green roof substrate for use as a Wildflower Green Roof or could be used to create a wildflower lawn on a back garden, whose ground is currently covered in concrete, tarmac, brick or stone.	The following Establishing a 'No Go' Area is from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993. ISBN 0 7153 0033 4 :- It is important to nominate a part of the garden as a 'no-go' area for humans, which can be left deliberately untidy. Usually this is some spot well away from the house and preferably shielded by shrubs or trees, but it might equally be behind a garden shed or garage. THE WOODPILE Old untreated timber or unwanted logs can be piled up to provide shelter for a range of creatures. Choose a shady spot to prevent the wood from drying out in the sun. If possible, use a mixture of native woods such as elm, oak or ash which will guarantee a wider range of insect species. Logs 6-9 (15-23) in diameter make a good pile. The first wildlife to inhabit the pile will probably be fungi in the early autumn, but in time it will become home to spiders, beetles, wood wasps, solitary bees, slugs and snails. These will then attract bird predators, particularly wrens and blackbirds, who will pick over the pile in search of a meal. The insects will also provide food for wood mice, voles and hedgehogs. First-year newts, after leaving the pond, may well spend large amounts of time in the damp shelter of a log pile. ---->	GROWING NETTLES FOR BUTTERFLIES Stinging nettles are the caterpillar food plants for commas, peacocks, red admirals, and small tortoiseshells who all rely on nettle leaves and shoots for their survival. If there is an existing nettle patch, this may need to be contained with a fence, wall or path. Better still, clumps of nettles can be transferred to large tubs or barrels sunk into the ground to prevent the roots from encroaching into the garden proper. As the emerging caterpillars prefer fresh, new leaves to feed on, it is a good idea to cut back half the patch in early or mid-summer to encourage new growth. This is particularly important for commas and small tortoiseshells who regularly have 2 broods a year - the first in the spring, the second in mid-summer. The adults will seek out the new shoots to lay their eggs. Nettles can be introduced into the garden if they are not growing naturally. In late winter, dig up some roots about 4 (10) long which are bearing yound shoots. Bury the roots in pots of garden soil and keep cutting back the shoots to 3 (7.5). By late spring the new plants can be put out into the untidy area. The life-cycle of many butterflies extends over much of the year, so if you can put the plants that are used in its 4 stages in that untidy area, then it is more likely that you will see the butterfly, since YOU WILL NEVER BE TIDYING UP THAT NO-GO AREA. ---->	LEAF PILES AND HEDGEHOG HABITATS if hedgehogs are to take up residence in the garden, they need a dry, secure place for hibernation from late autumn to early spring. A pile of dead leaves or garden prunings heaped into a corner will often be acceptable, but it is also possible to contruct a hibernation 'box'. Use an upturned wooden box (untreated wood) and cut an entrance out of one of the side panels, 4-5 (10-12) square. This is large enough to allow the hedgehog to enter but small enough to prevent dogs or foxes getting in. A covered entrance tunnel can also be constructed using 2 rows of house bricks stood on their sides and a plank of wood. This helps to keep the interior of the box dry, but is not essential. Cover the box with a sheet of polythene to keep out the rain, and a mound of dry leaves or brushwood to disguise the exterior. Add a handful of straw or dry leaves as bedding. HABITAT BOOSTERS Asheet of corrugated iron does not look very attractive, but if you happen to have one lying around, it is worth keeping. As the sun warms the metal, the 'tunnels' beneath become inviting resting quarters for slow worms and grass snakes. Equally, an old paving slab laid over a hollow in the ground and in a shady spot makes a damp hiding place for frogs and toads.
The following Planting in Gravel and Paving is from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993. ISBN 0 7153 0033 4 :- Many plants enjoy the dry growing conditions and refected warmth of gravel, stone chippings or paving. It is relatively easy to incorporate native species into existing paving schemes or to lay areas of gravel. MAKING A GRAVEL BED The underlying soil should be well-drained and gritty. If it is too heavy, mix it with equal parts of rock chippings or gravel. If the ground area is concrete/ tarmac/ stone/ paver or brick, cover the area with a layer of equal parts of top dressing and stone chippings to a 2 (5cm) depth, before continuing as below. Cover the area with a layer of sand 1 (2.5) deep. Finish the bed with a 1 (2.5) layer of gravel or 0.25 (0.5) stone chippings. Water plants well before removing them from their pots. Use a narrow trowel to make holes the same size as the root ball and firm them in gently. Water new plants thoroughly and sprinkle more gravel over the surface if necessary	PLANTING IN PAVING If new paths or patios are to be laid, it is worth considering leaving some gaps between the paving stones as planting pockets. If the stones are already laid, it is still possible to incorporate a wide range of species. The simplest way is to take up some of the stones, perhaps create a chequeboard effect. This is better done in a random pattern, rather than taking out every other stone. The earth beneath the stones shuld be workable and weed-free. Dig out the earth to a depth of 6-9 (15-23) and mix with an equal quantity of gravel or stone chippings. Replace the soil mixture and plant in the normal way. Brick paths or patios can be planted in the same way. Take out any bricks that are already damaged or crumbling and fill the gaps as above.	PLANTS FOR PAVING AND GRAVEL The following plants will thrive in a shallow, well-drained soil in full sun and will self-seed easily: Broom (Cytisus scoparius) Native or naturalised species, Bee plant Common Toadflax Native or naturalised species, Bee plant Globe Thistle (Echinops sphaerocephalus) Bee plant, Butterfly nectar plant Great Mullein (Verbascum phlomoides) Native or naturalised species, Large number of associated insects Hawkweed (Hieracium murorum) Native or naturalised species Lady's Bedstraw (Galium verum) Native or naturalised species Maiden Pink (Dianthus deltoides) Native or naturalised species Thyme (Thymus species) Especially the native Thymus praecox Bee plant Trailing St John's Wort (Hypericum humifusum) Native or naturalised species White Campion (Silene latifolia) Native or naturalised species Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) Native or naturalised species	The following Constructing a Rock Bank is from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993. ISBN 0 7153 0033 4 :- If the garden has no manmade rock garden or natural outcrops of rock for planting, it is possible to make a rock bank to provide a useful wildlife habitat. This is a simple construction and far less costly than a full-scale rock garden. Stack the stones randomly to form a double-sided wall to the desired height and length. Between each layer of stones, add a mixture of stone chippings or gravel and loam potting compost (this makes a good growing medium for rock plants, but if not available any poor, stony garden soil can be substituted). There are better soil mixtures detailed for many rock garden plants in Colour Wheel Rock Gallery. Leave some gaps between the stones without any soil, to allow access to the interior for small mammals and creatures. Lay more stones or rocks across the top of the structure to form a 'lid'. The planting pockets can be planted with any of the rock or wall plants listed in the next column and the column below it.	RECOMMENDED PLANTS FOR ROCK BANKS AND GARDENS Plant - Cheddar Pink (Dianthus gratiano-poliatanus) Flower - Early Summer Height - 8 (20) Wildlife value - Moths, butterflies Common Pink (Dianthus plumarius) Summer 8 (20) Bees Hairy Thyme (Thymus praecox) Summe 3-4 (8-10) Bees Harebell (Campanula rotundifolia) Late summer 12 (30) Bees Hebe 'Autumn Glory' Autumn 24-36 x 24-36 (60-90 x 60-90) Butterflies Hebe 'Carl Teschner' Summer 12 x 24-36 (30 x 60-90) Hoverflies, bees Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum) Summer 12 (30) Bees Ling (Heather) (Calluna vulgaris) Late summer 12-24 x (30-60 x ) Ground cover for birds, grass snakes and slow worms Purple Saxifrage (Saxifraga oppositifolia) Summer 3 (8) Butterflies, bees Rock Rose Bees, insects Spring Gentian Butterflies, bees
The following Planting a Native Hedge is from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993. ISBN 0 7153 0033 4 :- Different types of hedges were planted for different purposes: a double hedge would mark an important boundary whilst a hedge designed to contain livestock would be particularly impenetrable at the base. Almost incidentally they became shelters and pathways for wildlife, harbouring birds, mammals and insects. In the garden, a hedge of native species can serve both as a wildlife provider and as an effective division between neighbouring plots. CHOOSING THE SPECIES The use of only 1 species in a hedge as a wildlife corridor is limited. A mixed hedge provides a much wider resource and a greater number of animal and flower species will soon become associated with it. A balanced hedge might include a large proportion of one of the mainstay species such as hawthorn, which forms a dense, thorny structure, as well as blossoms and berries. This may be interspersed with 4 or 5 other species which flower and fruit at different times, and should include at least 1 evergreen to provide shelter in winter.	TREES/SHRUBS SUITABLE FOR HEDGING Alder Buckthorn (Frangula alnus) Deciduous, fruit Beech (Fagus sylvatica) Slow-growing, deciduous, autumn colour Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) Deciduous, blossom, fruit Crab Apple (Malus sylvestris) Deciduous, blossom, fruit Dog Rose (Rosa canina) Deciduous, blossom, hips Elm (Ulmus procera) Deciduous Field Maple (Acer campestre) Deciduous, autumn colour Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) Deciduous, blossom, berries Hazel (Corylus avellana) Deciduous, catkins, nuts Holly (Ilex aquifolium) Slow-growing, evergreen, berries Wild Privet (Ligustrum ovalifolium) Quick-growing, evergreen Yew (Taxus baccata) Slow-growing, evergreen	HOW TO PLANT A HEDGE Choose two-year-old seedlings, which are large enough to handle, but should not need staking. Mark out the length of the hedge with canes and string. It does not have to be a straight line, a curving hedge works just as well. Dig a trench in front of the line, 24 (60) wide and 18 (45) deep, running the entire length of the proposed hedge. Remove weed roots and large stones whilst digging. Add a layer of organic matter (garden compost or well-rotted manure) and mix with the loose soil at the bottom of the trench. Set the plants, 12-18 (30-45) apart and at the same depth as they were in the nursery (shown by the soil mark on the stem), adding more soil to the bottom of the trench, if necessary, to ensure the plant will sit at the right depth. Holding the plant upright, fill around the roots with loose soil, until it reaches the soil mark, firming it down well. IMMEDIATE AFTERCARE Water the new plants thoroughly, making sure the water soaks down around the roots. Cut back the top and side growths by at least one third - this will encourage side branching and bushy growth.	WILDLIFE USES FOR HEDGING Caterpillars of brimstone butterflies feed on alder buckthorn. Blackthorn, hawthorn, hazel and privet provide nectar for many species of butterfly. Thrushes, dunnocks, garden warblers and finches use the hedgerow for nesting Hedgehogs, voles and woodmice shelter and feed in the hedge bottom. Hawthorn, blackthorn and holly provide berries for birds in winter	FLOWERING WALL PLANTS Small-leaved Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster microphyllus) Fruit / berries / nuts for birds / mammals Hoary Cinquefoil (Potentilla argentea) Butterfly nectar plant, Bee plant Houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum) Large number of associated insects Ivy-leaved Toadflax (Cymbalaria muralis) Butterfly nectar plant, Bee plant London Pride (Saxifraga x urbinum) Butterfly nectar plant Red Valerian (Centranthus ruber) Native or naturalised species Round-leaved Cranesbill (Geranium rotundifolium) Native or naturalised species Stonecrops Biting stonecrop (sedum acre) White stonecrop (Sedum album) Butterfly nectar plants Wallflower (Cheiranthus cheiri) Butterfly nectar plant Wall Rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) Bee plant Arabis (Arabis albida) Bee plant, Butterfly nectar plant. Yellow Corydalis (Corydalis lutea)
The following Planting a Native Hedge is from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993. ISBN 0 7153 0033 4 :- MAINTENANCE Each spring, whilst the hedge is still forming, prune the top and side shoots by one third. Do not leave the central stem to grow to the desired height of the hedge before cutting back. Regular pruning will ensure that by the time the hedge does reach its final height, it will have developed a strong, dense framework It is a good idea to apply a mulch of garden compost, leaf mould or chopped bark around the plants each spring (if you have trees growing besides the public road on its verge, then in the autumn when its leaves fall to the ground below, you can use your rotary mower to mow them up and put them as a mulch in the the hedge bottom.). This will discourage weeds (which may strangle the young hedge) and form a good environment for hedgerow plants and microscopic creatures. Adas Colour Atlas of Weed Seedlings by J.B Williams and J.R. Morrison provides photos to the 40 most common weeds afflicting gardens and arable farm land. ISBN 0-7234-0929-3	CLIPPING The main difference between conventional hedge care and those managed for wildlife is in the clipping. Wildlife hedges should never be clipped before nesting is completely finished; usually it is safe to do so in late summer or early autumn, but in doubt, leave until the winter. WILDLIFE TO EXPECT Blackbirds, thrushes, dunnocks, sparrows, greenfinches and bullfinches all prefer the dense, protected growth of a hedge to any other nesting site. They will be joined in the summer, by shy, ground-feeding wrens, who search the leaf litter beneath the hedge for spiders and other insects. Many other garden birds like tits and robins will use the hedge simply as a convenient perch, for picking off caterpillars from the leafy growth. The hedge foliage is a particularly good breeding ground for moths such as the privet hawkmoth, garden spiders who leave their mark in the shape of finely woven webs and the often heard, but rarely seen, bush cricket. At ground level, the wildlife residents are most likely to be hedgehogs, wood mice and bank voles, although toads and frogs often hide in the shelter of a hedge bottom. In time a native hedge will become a busy wildlife corridor offering shelter, food and a convenient route from one part of the garden to another	HEDGEROW FLOWERS Although the soil at the base of the hedge may be poor, a surprising number of wildflowers seem to thrive here. The orientation of the hedge will determine which flowers may be grown. South-facing hedges receive a good deal of sun whilst north faces may be in almost complete shade. Choose a selection of plants to suit the position of your hedge. Most of the hedgerow flowers tolerate a dry, poor soil, but 1 or 2 such as primroses and lesser celandines need to be kept moist. Unless the hedge is by a stream or pool, it is unlikely that their needs will be met; they would be happier in a damp ditch or marshy area. Pot-grown plants can be planted out any time from spring to autumn. In the first 2 years of the hedge's growth, avoid putting in the taller plants, such as sweet cicely, which may compete with the new hedging. It is also advisable to wait until the hedge is well-established (5 years or more) before putting in hedgerow climbers, like traveller's joy (Clematis vitalba). Its scrambling habit is ideal for dense, well-grown hedges, but it can easily strangle younger plants. It is best to use small, healthy plants for the hedge bottom and not seedlings, whose roots may not be sufficiently developed to cope with the poor soil. Insert the new plants with a trowel and water thoroughly. Water regularly for the first 2 weeks - particularly if there is a hot, dry spell.	RECOMMENDED NATIVE HEDGEROW FLOWERS Plant - Betony (Stachys officinalis) Type - Perennial Position -Sun or shade Soil - Any Wildlife value - bees, butterflies Bluebell (Scilla non-scripta) Bulb Sun or shade Any Bees, butterflies Common Dog Violet (Viola riviana) Perennial Part shade Any Caterpillar food plant for fritillary butterflies Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Biennial Part shade Any Caterpillar food for orange tips, tortoiseshells and whites butterflies Greater Stitchwort (Stellaria holostea) Perennial Part shade Any Bees, moths, butterflies Hedge Wounwort (Stachys sylvatica) Perennial Part shade Any Bees, butterflies Hedgerow Cranesbill (Geranium pyrenaicum) Perennial Part shade Any Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria) Perennial Part shade Damp Bees, butterflies	Primrose (Primula vulgaris) Perennial Sun or shade Damp Butterflies (whites) Red Campion (Silene Dioca) Perennial Sun or shade Any Butterflies Selfheal (Prunella vulgaris) Perennial Sun or shade Any Bees, butterflies Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis odorata) Perennial Sun or shade Any Bees White Deadnettle (Lamium maculatum album) Perennial Sun or shade Any Bees

From the Ivydene Gardens Box to Crowberry Wild Flower Families Gallery:
Cornel Family

The Bumblebee Pages website is divided into five major areas:

• Bumblebees which deals solely with bumblebees, and was the original part of the site.

• Invertebrates, which deals with all the other invertebrates.

• Homework answers, where you'll find hints and tips to common questions set as biology, ecology, botany, zoology homework, there are also definitions of common terms in biology.

• Window box gardens, this was started when we were exiled to central Paris, and 2 north-facing window boxes were all the garden available, however it was amazing the wildlife those window boxes attracted. You'll find plant lists, hints and tips, etc.

• Torphins, this is the village in north-east Scotland where we are now located. In this part of the site you can find photographs of invertebrates found locally, where to see them and when, also links to pages with more detailed information.

FORCED INDOOR BULBS in Window Box Gardens.
Once these have flowered don't throw them out. Cut off the heads (unless you want seed) then put them somewhere that the leaves can get the sun. This will feed the bulb for the next year. Once the leaves have died you can plant the bulbs outside and they will flower at the normal (unforced) time next year. The narcissus Tete-a-tete is particularly good, and provides early colour and a delicate fragrance too.
Below I have listed groups of plants. I have tried to include at least four plants in each list as you may not be able to find all of them, although, unless you have a very large windowbox, I would recommend that you have just three in each box.

Theme

Plants

Comments

Thyme

Thymus praecox, wild thyme

Thymus pulegioides

Thymus leucotrichus

Thymus citriodorus

Thymes make a very fragrant, easy to care for windowbox, and an excellent choice for windy sites. The flower colour will be pinky/purple, and you can eat the leaves if your air is not too polluted. Try to get one variegated thyme to add a little colour when there are no flowers.

Herb

Sage, mint, chives, thyme, rosemary

Get the plants from the herb section of the supermarket, so you can eat the leaves. Do not include basil as it need greater fertility than the others. Pot the rosemary up separately if it grows too large.

Mints

Mentha longifolia, horse mint

Mentha spicata, spear mint

Mentha pulgium, pennyroyal

Mentha piperita, peppermint

Mentha suaveolens, apple mint

Mints are fairly fast growers, so you could start this box with seed. They are thugs, though, and will very soon be fighting for space. So you will either have to thin and cut back or else you will end up with one species - the strongest. The very best mint tea I ever had was in Marrakesh. A glass full of fresh mint was placed in front of me, and boiling water was poured into it. Then I was given a cube of sugar to hold between my teeth while I sipped the tea. Plant this box and you can have mint tea for months.

Heather

Too many to list

See Heather Shrub gallery

For year-round colour try to plant varieties that flower at different times of year. Heather requires acid soils, so fertilise with an ericaceous fertilser, and plant in ericaceous compost. Cut back after flowering and remove the cuttings. It is best to buy plants as heather is slow growing.

Blue

Ajuga reptans, bugle

Endymion non-scriptus, bluebell

Myosotis spp., forget-me-not

Pentaglottis sempervirens, alkanet

This will give you flowers from March till July. The bluebells should be bought as bulbs, as seed will take a few years to flower. The others can be started from seed.

Yellow

Anthyllis vulneraria, kidney vetch

Geum urbanum, wood avens

Lathryus pratensis, meadow vetchling

Linaria vulgaris, toadflax

Lotus corniculatus, birdsfoot trefoil

Primula vulgaris, primrose

Ranunculus acris, meadow buttercup

Ranunculus ficaria, lesser celandine

These will give you flowers from May to October, and if you include the primrose, from February. Try to include a vetch as they can climb or trail so occupy the space that other plants can't. All can be grown from seed.

White

Trifolium repens, white clover

Bellis perennis, daisy

Digitalis purpurea alba, white foxglove

Alyssum maritimum

Redsea odorata, mignonette

All can be grown from seed. The clover and daisy will have to be cut back as they will take over. The clover roots add nitrogen to the soil. The mignonette flower doesn't look very special, but the fragrance is wonderful, and the alyssum smells of honey.

Pink

Lychnis flos-cucli, ragged robin

Scabiosa columbaria, small scabious

Symphytum officinale, comfrey

The comfrey will try to take over. Its leaves make an excellent fertiliser, and are very good on the compost heap, though windowbox gardeners rarely have one.

Fragrant

Lonicera spp., honeysuckle

Alyssum maritimum

Redsea odorata, mignonette

Lathyrus odoratus, sweet pea

The sweet pea will need twine or something to climb up, so is suitable if you have sliding windows or window that open inwards. You will be rewarded by a fragrant curtain every time you open your window.

Spring bulbs and late wildflowers

Galanthus nivalis, snowdrop

Narcissus pseudonarcissus, narcissius

Crocus purpureus, crocus

Cyclamen spp.

The idea of this box is to maximize your space. The bulbs (cyclamen has a corm) will flower and do their stuff early in the year. After flowering cut the heads off as you don't want them making seed, but leave the leaves as they fatten up the bulbs to store energy for next year. The foliage of the wildflowers will hide the bulb leaves to some extent. Then the wildflowers take over and flower till autumn

Aster spp., Michaelmas daisy

Linaria vulgaris, toadflax

Lonicera spp., honeysuckle

Succisa pratensis, devil's bit scabious

Mentha pulgium, pennyroyal

Butterfly Garden

Bee Garden in Europe or North America

BULB FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY PAGES
Number of Flower Petals	Petal-less	1	2	3	4	5	Above 5

Flower Shape - Simple	Stars with Single Flowers	Bowls	Cups and Saucers	Globes	Goblets and Chalices	Trumpets	Funnels

Flower Shape - Simple	Bells	Thimbles	Urns	Salverform

Flower Shape - Elabor-ated	Tubes, Lips and Straps	Slippers, Spurs and Lockets	Hats, Hoods and Helmets	Stan-dards, Wings and Keels	Discs and Florets	Pin-Cushions	Tufts and Petal-less Cluster

Flower Shape - Elabor-ated	Cushion	Umbel	Buttons with Double Flowers	Pompoms	Stars with Semi-Double Flowers

Natural Arrange-ments	Bunches, Posies and Sprays (Group)	Columns, Spikes and Spires	Whorls, Tiers and Cande-labra	Plumes and Tails	Chains and Tassels	Clouds, Garlands and Cascades	Sphere, Dome (Clusters), Drumstick and Plate

FURTHER BULB FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY PAGES	Bulbs - a complete handbook of bulbs, corms and tubers by Roy Genders. Published in 1973 by Robert Hale & Company. Contents History, Culture and Characteristics Early History Botanical Characteristics of Bulbs, Corms and Tubers Propagation Bulbs in the Woodland Garden Bulbs in Short Grass is detailed in Ivydene Gardens Bulb, Corm, Rhizome and Tuber Gallery Site Map Bulbs in the Shrubbery Spring Bedding Summer Bedding A border of bulbs Bulbs for the alpine garden Bulbs for trough garden and window box- Bulbs for alpine house and frame Bulbs in the home Scent in bulbs Diseases and pests of bulbs and corms Alphabetical Guide - Pages 154-543 provides an Alphabetical Guide to these bulbs, with each genus having a description with details of culture, propagation and details of each of its species and varieties:- "Cardiocrinum (Liliaceae) A genus of three species, native of the Himalayas and eastern Asia, which at one time were included in the genus Lilium. They differ in that their bulbs have few scales, while the seed capsules are toothed. They are plants of dense woodlands of Assam and Yunnan, where the rainfall is the highest in the world and they grow best in shade and in a moist humus-laden soil. The basal leaves are cordate, bright-green and glossy; the flowers trumpet-like with reflexed segments. They are borne in umbels of 10 to 20 on stems 10 to 12 ft (120-144 inches, 300 to 360 centimetres) tall. In their native land they are found growing with magnolias and rhododendrons. Culture The bulbs are dark green and as large as a hockey ball. Plant 24 (60) apart early in spring, away from a frost pocket, and with the top part exposed. Three bulbs planted together in a spinney or in a woodland clearing will present a magnificent site when in bloom. They require protection from the heat of summer and a cool root run; they are also gross feeders so the soil should be enriched with decayed manure and should contain a large amount of peat or leaf-mould. The bulbs will begin to grow in the warmth of spring, and by early June the flower stems will have attained a height of 96 (240) or more and will be bright green with a few scattered leaves. The basal leaves will measure 10 (25) wide, like those of the arum. The flowers appear in July and last only a few days to be replaced by attractive large seed pods, while the handsome basal leaves remain green until the autumn. The flower stems are hollow. Propagation After flowering and the dying back of the leaves, the bulb also dies. Early in November it should be dug up, when it will be seen that three to 5 small bulbs are clustered around it. These are replanted 24 (60) apart with the nose exposed and into soil that has been deeply worked and enriched with leaf mould and decayed manure. They will take two years to bear bloom, but if several are planted each year there will always be some at the flowering stage. To protect them from frost, the newly planted bulbs should be given a deep mulch either of decayed leaves or peat shortly after planting, while additional protection may be given by placing fronds of bracken or hurdles over the mulch. Plants may be raised from seed sown in a frame in a sandy compost or in boxes in a greenhouse. If the seed is sown in September when harvested, it will germinare in April. In autumn the seedlings will be ready to transplant into a frame or into boxes, spacing them 3 (7.5) apart. They need moisture while growing but very little during winter when dormant. In June they will be ready to move to their flowering quarters such as a clearing in a woodland where the ground has been cleaned of perennial weeds and fortified with humus and plant food. Plant 24 (60) apart and protect the young plants until established with low boards erected around them. They will bloom in about eight years from sowing time. Species Cardiocrinum cathayanum. Native of western and central China, it will grow 36-48 (90-120) tall and halfway up the stem produces a cluster of oblong leaves. The funnel-shaped flowers are borne three to five to each stem and appear in an umbel at the top. They are white or cream, shaded with green and spotted with brown and appear early in July. The plant requires similar conditions to Cardiocrinum giganteum and behaves in like manner. Cardiocrinum cordatum. Native of Japan, it resembles Cardiocrinum giganteum with its heart-shaped basal leaves, which grow from the scales of the greenish-white bulb and which, like those of the paeony (with which it may be planted), first appear bronzey-red before turning green. The flowers are produced horizontally in sixes or eights at the end of a 72 (180) stem and are ivory-white shaded green on the outside, yellow in the throat and spotted with purple. They are deliciously scented. Cardiocrinum giganteum. Native of Assam and the eastern Himalayas where it was found by Dr Wallich in 1816 in the rain-saturated forests. It was first raised from seed and distributed by the Botanical Gardens of Dublin, and first flowered in the British Isles at Edinburgh in 1852. Under conditions it enjoys, it will send up its hollow green stems (which continue to grow until autumn) to a height of 120-144 (300-360), each with as many as 10 to 20 or more funnel-shaped blooms 6 (15) long. The flowers are white, shaded green on the outside and reddish-purple in the throat. Their scent is such that when the air is calm the plants may be detected from a distance of 100 yards = 3600 inches = 9000 centimetres. Especially is their fragrance most pronounced at night. The flowers droop downwards and are at their best during July and August. The large basal leaves which surround the base of the stem are heart-shaped and short-stalked." with these Appendices:-
	A - Planting Depths (Out-doors)	B - Bulbs and their Habitat	C - Planting and Flowering Times for Out-door Cult-ivation	D - Flowering Times for Indoor Bulbs	E - Bulbs with Scented Flowers	F - Common Names of Bulbous plants	G - From Sowing time to Bloom

	Bulbs in Cultivation including vital bulb soil preparation from Bulbs for Small Garden by E.C.M. Haes. Published by Pan Books in 1967:-
	Bulbs in the Small Garden with Garden Plan and its different bulb sections	A choice of Outdoor Bulbs	False Bulbs	Bulbs Indoors	Bulb Calendar	Planting Times and Depth	Composts
Bulb Form	Mat-Forming	Prostrate or Trailing	Cushion or Mound-forming	Spreading or Creeping	Clump-forming	Stemless. Sword-shaped Leaves	Erect or Upright
Bulb Use	Other than Only Green Foliage	Bedding or Mass Planting	Ground-Cover	Cut-Flower 1, 2	Tolerant of Shade	In Woodland Areas	Under-plant
	Tolerant of Poor Soil	Covering Banks	In Water	Beside Stream or Water Garden	Coastal Conditions	Edging Borders	Back of Border or Back-ground Plant
	Fragrant Flowers	Not Fragrant Flowers	Indoor House-plant	Grow in a Patio Pot 1, 2	Grow in an Alpine Trough	Grow in an Alpine House	Grow in Rock Garden
	Speciman Plant	Into Native Plant Garden	Naturalize in Grass	Grow in Hanging Basket	Grow in Window-box	Grow in Green-house	Grow in Scree
			Natural-ized Plant Area	Grow in Cottage Garden	Attracts Butter-flies	Attracts Bees	Resistant to Wildlife
Bulb in Soil	Chalk 1, 2	Clay	Sand 1, 2	Lime-Free (Acid)	Peat

Bulb Height from Text Border		Brown= 0-12 inches (0-30 cms)	Blue = 12-24 inches (30-60 cms)		Green= 24-36 inches (60-90 cms)		Red = 36+ inches (90+ cms)
Bulb Soil Moisture from Text Background		Wet Soil		Moist Soil		Dry Soil
Flowering months range abreviates month to its first 3 letters (Apr-Jun is April, May and June). Click on thumbnail to change this comparison page to the Plant Description Page of the Bulb named in the Text box below that photo. The Comments Row of that Plant Description Page links to where you personally can purchase that bulb via mail-order.

Plants for moths (including larval food plants and adult nectar sources) from Gardens for Wildlife - Practical advice on how to attract wildlife to your garden by Martin Walters as an Aura Garden Guide. Published in 2007 - ISBN 978 1905765041:-
Angelica - Angelica archangelica
Barberry - Berberis vulgaris
Birch - Betula species
Blackthorn - Prunus spinosa
Bramble - Rubus species
Centaury - Centaurium species
Common knapweed - Centaurea nigra
Cowslip - Primula veris
Dandelion - Taraxacum offcinale
Dock - Rumex species
Evening primrose - Oenothera species
Foxglove - Digitalis purpurea
Goldenrod - Solidago canadensis and Solidago virgaurea
Harebell - Campanula rotundifolia
Heather - Calluna vulgaris
Hedge woundwort - Stachys sylvatica
Herb Bennet (wood avens) - Geum urbanum
Herb Robert - Geranium robertianum
Honeysuckle - Lonicera periclymenum
Lady' Bedstraw - Galium verum
Lemon balm - Melissa officinalis
Lime - Tilia species
Maiden pink - Dianthus deltoides

Marjoram - Origanum officinale
Meadow clary - Salvia pratensis
Meadowsweet - Filipendula ulmaria
Mullein - Verbascum species
Nettle - Urtica dioica and Urtica urens
Oak - Quercus robur and Quercus petraea
Ox-eye daisy - Leucanthemum vulgare
Plantain - Plantago species
Poplar (and aspen) - Populus species
Primrose - Primula vulgaris
Purple loosestrife - Lythrum salicaria
Ragged robin - Lychnis flos-cuculi
Red campion - Silene dioica
Red clover - Trifolium pratense
Red valerian - Centranthus ruber
Rock rose - Helianthemum species
Sea kale - Crambe maritima
Sweet rocket - Hesperis matronalis
Toadflax - Linaria species
Tobacco - Nicotiana species
Traveller's joy - Clematis vitalba
Viper's bugloss - Echium vulgare
White campion - Silene alba
Wild pansy - Viola tricolor
Willow - Salix species
Yarrow - Achillea millefolium
and a chapter on Planning the Wildlife Garden.

"On average, 2 gardeners a year die in the UK as a result of poisonous plants. Those discussed in this blog illustrate a range of concerns that should be foremost in the designer’s mind." from
A garden Designer's Guide to Poisonous Plants by
Oxford College of Garden Design.

Pages on poisonous plants in this website:-
...Yellow H-Z Poisonous Parts.
...Poisonous Plants.
is Poisonous.
...Poisonous

Wildlife-friendly Show Gardens
With around 23 million gardens in the UK,
covering 435,000 hectares (An acre is about 0.405 hectares, 1 hectare is 10000.0 square metres);
gardens have great potential as wildlife habitats.
Pre-planting you may require pre-building work on polluted soil. Then,
if you soil is clay,
consider these 8 problems caused by building house on clay or with house-wall attached to clay,
before actioning -

The eight-point plan for a wildlife-friendly garden:-

Plants, Plants, Plants - The greater the number and variety of plants, the more wildlife you will attract -
and this shows how roots of plants are in control in the soil.
Don’t Just Plant Anything - British natives attract the greatest variety of wildlife, closely followed by species from temperate regions of Europe, Asia and North America.
See above for the full list by Botanical name and another by Common Name of all the native plants in the UK in 1965 with their habitats.
Add Water - A pond of any size will boost the variety of creatures in your garden.
Dead Matters - Dead and decaying vegetation is a vital resource for many creatures and for the soil.
Re-use your garden prunings, mowings, and dug up non-weed plants as recommended in the Planting a Native Hedge cell above in "Recommended Plants for Wildlife in different situations" table as a mulch.
Soil Structure - The interaction between clay domains, organic matter, silt and sand particles diagram shows how these particles are bonded together in larger units called ‘aggregates’ to start the formation of soil.
Without replacing Soil Nutrients, the soil will break up to only clay, sand or silt.
Perfect general use soil is composed of 8.3% lime, 16.6% humus, 25% clay and 50% sand, and
why you are continually losing the SOIL STRUCTURE so your soil - will revert to clay, chalk, sand or silt.
To prevent this destruction of the soil, there is this Action Plan for YOU to DO with your soil.
Build a Home - Provide bird and bat boxes etc.
Feed the Birds and other creatures too.
Don’t Use Pesticides - All pesticides are designed to kill.
Don’t Put Wildlife in a Ghetto - Make your entire garden wildlife-friendly and a home for wildlife – it will be worth it!

Many of our gardens at Natural Surroundings demonstrate what you can do at home to encourage wildlife in your garden:-

• The Wildlife Garden

• The Rill Garden

• The Orchard

• The Butterfly Garden

• The Bee Garden.
Bees under Bombardment from Bee Happy Plants Ltd.
There are certain times when pollen or nectar are needed:
Early spring is a time of great need for pollen (which triggers egg-laying by the queen);
All season from early spring to late Autumn nectar is needed, though there is a 'crisis period' from the end of June until September (in the South of the UK) when adult bees' numbers are at a peak and their need for nectar is vital. This summer period is one we should concentrate on providing copious amounts of nectar in our gardens.

• The Wildlife Pond

• Reptile Refuge

• Creepy-crawly Garden

Ivydene Gardens Water Fern to Yew Wild Flower Families Gallery:
Wildflower 17 Flower Colours per Month

Only Wildflowers detailed in the following Wildflower Colour Pages
are compared in all the relevant month(s) of when that Wildflower flowers -
in the Wildflower Flower Colour
of that row

CREAM WILD FLOWER GALLERY PAGE MENUS

Common Name with Botanical Name, Wild Flower Family, Flower Colour and Form Index of each of all the Wildflowers of the UK in 1965:- AC,AL,AS,BE,
BL,BO,BR,CA,
CL,CO,CO,CO,
CR,DA,DO,EA,
FE,FI,FR,GO,
GR,GU,HA,HO,
IR,KN,LE,LE,
LO,MA,ME,MO,
NA,NO,PE,PO,
PY,RE,RO,SA,
SE,SE,SK,SM,
SO,SP,ST,SW,
TO,TW,WA,WE,
WI,WO,WO,YE

Extra Common Names have been added within a row for a different plant. Each Extra Common Name Plant will link to an Extras Page where it will be detailed in its own row.

EXTRAS 57,58,
59,60,

BROWN WILD FLOWER GALLERY PAGE MENUS

Botanical Name with Common Name, Wild Flower Family, Flower Colour and Form Index of each of all the Wildflowers of the UK in 1965:- AC, AG,AL,AL,AN,
AR,AR,AS,BA,
BR,BR,CA,CA,
CA,CA,CA,CA,
CA,CE,CE,CH,
CI,CO,CR,DA,
DE,DR,EP,EP,
ER,EU,FE,FO,
GA,GA,GE,GL,
HE,HI,HI,HY,
IM,JU,KI,LA,
LE,LI,LL,LU,LY, ME,ME,MI,MY,
NA,OE,OR,OR,
PA,PH,PL,PO,
PO,PO,PO,PU,
RA,RH,RO,RO,
RU,SA,SA,SA,
SC,SC,SE,SI,
SI,SO,SP,ST,
TA,TH,TR,TR,
UR,VE,VE,VI

Extra Botanical Names have been added within a row for a different plant. Each Extra Botanical Name Plant will link to an Extras Page where it will be detailed in its own row.

EXTRAS 91,

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

1
Blue

Blue
Edible Plant Parts.
Flower Legend.
Food for Butterfly/Moth..
Flowering plants of
Chalk and Limestone Page 1, Page 2 .
Flowering plants of Acid Soil Page 1 .
SEED COLOUR
Seed 1 ,
Seed 2 .
Use of Plant with Flowers .
Scented Flower, Foliage, Root .
Story of their Common Names.
Use for Non-Flowering Plants .

1
Brown

Brown
Botanical Names .

1
Cream

Cream
Common Names .
Coastal and Dunes .
Sandy Shores and Dunes .

1
Green

Green
Broad-leaved Woods .

1
Mauve

Mauve
Grassland - Acid, Neutral, Chalk.

1
Multi-Col-oured

Multi-Cols
Heaths and Moors .

1
Orange

Orange
Hedgerows and Verges .

1
Pink

Pink A-G
Lakes, Canals and Rivers .

Pink H-Z
Marshes, Fens, Bogs .

1
Purple

Purple
Old Buildings and Walls .

1
Red

Red
Pinewoods .

1
White

White A-D
Saltmarshes .
Shingle Beaches, Rocks and
Cliff Tops .

White E-P
Other .

White Q-Z
Number of Petals .

1 Yellow

Yellow A-G
Pollinator .

Yellow H-Z
Poisonous Parts .

1
Shrub/ Tree

Shrub/Tree
River Banks and
other Freshwater Margins .

1
Fruit or Seed

SEED COLOUR
Seed 1
Seed 2

1
Non-Flower Plants

Use for
Non-Flowering Plants

1
Chalk and Lime-stone

Flowering plants of
Chalk and Limestone
Page 1
Page 2

1
Acid Soil

Flowering plants of
Acid Soil
Page 1

SOIL PAGE MENU

Soil Introduction -
Organic Matter in Soil
Physical Changes in Soil
Chemical Changes in Soil
How Soil is created
How Clay is created
How is Humus made
How is Soil Material Lost
What is Soil Texture

WHAT IS SOIL STRUCTURE

How does Water act in Soil
How Chemicals stored in Soil
What are Soil Nutrients
What Soil Organisms
How microbes use nutrients

THE CARBON CYCLE

The Nitrogen Cycle

ACTION PLAN FOR YOU

SOIL SUBSIDENCE
Subsidence due to Clay
Case 1 Clay on Sand

Soil Site Map

Website Structure Explanation and User Guidelines

7 Flower Colours per Month in Colour Wheel below in BULB, CORM, RHIZOME and TUBER GALLERY.

Click on Black or White box in Colour of Month.

LATE SUMMER GALLERY PAGES
Site Map of pages with content (o)
Introduction

FLOWER COLOUR
(o)Bicolour
(o)Blue
(o)Green
(o)Orange
(o)Pink
(o)Purple
(o)Red
(o)Unusual Colours
(o)White
(o)Yellow

FOLIAGE COLOUR
(o)Green 1
(o)Green 2
(o)Green 3
Other Colour

FORM
Mat-forming
Prostrate
Mound-forming
Spreading
(o)Clump-forming
(o)Stemless
(o)Upright

BULB, CORM, RHIZOME AND TUBER INDEX - There are over 700 bulbs in the bulb galleries. The respective flower thumbnail, months of flowering, height and width, foliage thumbnail,
form thumbnail, use and
comments are in the rel-evant index page below:-
(o): A 1, 2, 3
(o): B
(o): C 1, 2
(o): D
(o): E
(o): F
(o): G, Gladiolus
(o): H
(o): I
....: J
....: K
(o): L 1, 2
(o): M
(o): N
(o): O
(o): P
....: Q
....: R
(o): S
(o): T
....: U
(o): V
....: W
(o): XYZ
Type of Form (Mat, Cushion, Spreading, Clump, Stemless, Upright),
Soil Type, Sun Aspect,
Soil Moisture, Foliage Colour, Uses
added, starting in March 2020 with Bulb Allium Anemone Gallery

If you follow the normal procedure in the UK of weeding and leaving the ground bare, and then perhaps putting down chemical fertilisers, then that is like bearing a child and starving it to death. Perhaps you would like to read the following and do the job properly of looking after a garden from the following 4 steps:-

colormonthbulb9a1a1a1

Besides the above Bulb Flower Colour Comparison Pages, you also have the following Comparison Pages:-
...Bulb Flower Shape -
7 pages of Number of Petals ...... 5 petals,
23 pages of Flower Shape ......... Stars and
7 pages of Natural Arrangements Drumstick

...Bulb Form -
7 pages of Bulb Form ...Clump-forming
...Bulb Use -
33 pages of Bulb Use ...Mass Planting,
Groundcover,
Grow in Patio Pot and
Use in Coastal Conditions
...Bulb Preferred Soil
5 pages of Soil preferred by Bulb ...Chalk ------ in the table on the right

Step 1

The normal method by which home gardeners provide nutrients to their garden plants:-

In English gardens, you weed the ground in your beds and prune your plants including hedges and remove the weeds and prunings before donating them to the council or putting them into a 36 x 36 x 36 inch (90 x 90 x 90 cm) compost bin. The amount you put into that bin each day is so small that it never reaches more than 25 degrees Centigrade and therefore does not consume or destroy the seeds or the pests. The liquor produced goes into the ground below and unless your plants have accessed that ground area; is leached to the subsoil and therefore lost. If the compost bin was 180 x 180 x 180 inches (450 x 450 x 450 cms) and it was filled in one go, then it would reach about 55 degrees Centigrade which would consume and kill those seeds and pests/diseases. The end result of the compost bin is normally not much use, unless you use worm bins and then you can use the bottom tray compost on your garden beds.

Then, if you are generous; you spread some general fertilser once a year like Growmore round your plants,

Rose Food round your roses again once a year and expect a marvellous year of flowers etc.

As I have explained elsewhere this does not work for at least 2 reasons:-

Rain will dissolve these nutrients and successive rain will leach this through the top soil and into the subsoil where no roots go within a fairly short time. Some of this instant food gets eaten by the plant and bypasses their roots normal exchange program - sugar produced by plant is exchanged with the outside earth for nutrients required by that plant to grow. The normal exchange program not being used correctly tends to die off and unless this artificial food is applied throughout the growing season, the plants will run out of food and perish.
Artificial fertiliser is rather like sugar, it gives you energy but not everything you require and since you might require 3 atoms of molybdenum for one of the plants processes, you will not provide that and therefore the plant has problems.
If you only ate Marmite sandwiches, then if you got sick then your body will not have all the neccessary components for you to fight it and you might then die as well - you also require a balanced diet.

Late Summer INDEX link to Bulb Description Page

Flower Colour with Flower Thumbnail

Flowering Months

Mat,
Cushion,
Spreading,
Clump,
Stemless,
Upright
as its form

Height x Width in inches (cms) -
1 inch = 2.5 cms,
12 inches = 1 foot,
36 inches = 3 feet = 1 yard,
40 inches = 100 cms

Seed Head Thumbnail

Soil

Sun Aspect

Soil Moisture

Foliage Colour
with Foliage Thumbnail

Bulb Use

Comments

PLANTS PAGE
MENU
Introduction
Site Map

PLANT USE
Plant Selection
Level 1
Attracts Bird/Butterfly
Photos - Butterfly

Bee Pollinated Plants for Hay Fever Sufferers
Photos - Bloom per Month

Groundcover Height
0-24 inches
(0-60 cms)
24-72 inches
(60-180 cms)
Above 72 inches
(180 cms)

Poisonous Cultivated and UK Wildflower Plants with Photos
or
Cultivated Poisonous Plants
or
Wildflower Poisonous Plants

Rabbit-Resistant Plant
Flower Arranging
Wildflower
Photos - Wildflowers

PLANTS FOR SOIL
Plant Selection
Level 2
Info - Any Soil
Plants - Any Soil A-F
Plants - Any Soil G-L
Plants - Any Soil M-R
Plants - Any Soil S-Z

Info - Chalky Soil
Plants - Chalk Soil A-F
Plants - Chalk Soil G-L
Plants - Chalk Soil M-R
Plants - Chalk Soil S-Z

Info - Clay Soil
Plants - Clay Soil A-F
Plants - Clay Soil G-L
Plants - Clay Soil M-R
Plants - Clay Soil S-Z

Info - Lime-Free Soil
Plants - Lime-Free Soil A-F
Plants - Lime-Free Soil G-L
Plants - Lime-Free Soil M-R
Plants - Lime-Free Soil S-Z

Info - Sandy Soil
Plants - Sand Soil A-F
Plants - Sand Soil G-L
Plants - Sand Soil M-R
Plants - Sand Soil S-Z

Info - Peaty Soils
Plants - Peaty Soil A-F
Plants - Peaty Soil G-L
Plants - Peaty Soil M-R
Plants - Peaty Soil S-Z

Following parts of Level 2a,
Level 2b,
Level 2c and
Level 2d are included in separate columns
together with
Acid Soil,
Alkaline Soil,
Any Soil,
Height and Spread,
Flowering Months and
Flower Colour in their Columns,
and also
Companion Plants to aid this plant Page,
Alpine Plant for Rock Garden Index Page
Native to UK WildFlower Plant in its Family Page in this website
and/or
Level 2cc
in the Comment Column
within each
of the Soil Type Pages of
Level 2

PLANTS PAGE MENU

Plant Selection by Plant Requirements
Level 2a
Sun aspect, Moisture

Plant Selection by Form
Level 2b
Tree Growth Shape
Shrub/Perennial Growth Habit

Plant Selection by Garden Use
Level 2c
Bedding
Photos - Bedding
Bog Garden
Coastal Conditions
Containers in Garden
Front of Border
Hanging Basket
Hedge
Photos - Hedging
Pollution Barrier
Rest of Border
Rock Garden
Photos - Rock Garden
Thorny Hedge
Windbreak
Woodland

Plant Selection by Garden Use
Level 2cc Others
Aquatic
Back of Shady Border
Crevice Garden
Desert Garden
Raised Bed
Scree Bed
Specimen Plant
Trees for Lawns
Trees for Small Garden
Wildflower
Photos - Wildflowers

Plant Selection by Plant Type
Level 2d
Alpine
Photos - Evergr Per
Photos - Herbac Per
Photos - RHS Herbac
Photos - Rock Garden
Annual
Bamboo
Photos - Bamboo
Biennial
Bulb
Photos - Bulb
Climber
Photos - Climber
Conifer
Deciduous Rhizome
Deciduous Shrub
Photos - Decid Shrub
Evergreen Perennial
Photos - Evergr Per
Evergreen Shrub
Photos - Evergr Shrub
Fern
Photos - Fern
Fruit Plant
Grass
Herb
Herbaceous Perennial
Photos - Herbac Per
Remaining Top Fruit
Soft Fruit
Sub-Shrub
Top Fruit
Tuber
Vegetable
Photos - Vegetable

PLANTS PAGE MENU

REFINING SELECTION
Plant Selection by
Flower Colour
Level 3a
Blue Flowers
Photos - Bedding
Photos - Bulb
Photos - Climber
Photos - Evergr Per
Photos - Evergr Shrub
Photos - Wild Flower

Orange Flowers
Photos - Bedding
Photos - Wild Flower

Other Colour Flowers
Photos - Bedding
Photos - Bulb
Photos - Climber
Photos - Evergr Per
Photos - Evergr Shrub
Photos - Wild Flower

Red Flowers
Photos - Bedding
Photos - Bulb
Photos - Climber
Photos - Decid Shrub
Photos - Evergr Per
Photos - Evergr Shrub
Photos - Herbac Per
Photos - Rose
Photos - Wild Flower

White Flowers
Photos - Bedding
Photos - Bulb
Photos - Climber
Photos - Decid Shrub
Photos - Decid Tree
Photos - Evergr Per
Photos - Evergr Shrub
Photos - Herbac Per
Photos - Rose
Photos - Wild Flower

Yellow Flowers
Photos - Bedding
Photos - Bulb
Photos - Climber
Photos - Decid Shrub
Photos - Evergr Per
Photos - Evergr Shrub
Photos - Herbac Per
Photos - Rose
Photos - Wild Flower

Photos - 53 Colours in its Colour Wheel Gallery

Photos - 12 Flower Colours per Month in its Bloom Colour Wheel Gallery

Plant Selection by Flower Shape
Level 3b
Photos - Bedding
Photos - Evergr Per
Photos - Herbac Per

Plant Selection by Foliage Colour
Level 3c
Aromatic Foliage
Finely Cut Leaves
Large Leaves
Other
Non-Green Foliage 1
Non-Green Foliage 2
Sword-shaped Leaves

PRUNING
Plant Selection by Pruning Requirements
Level 4
Pruning Plants

GROUNDCOVER PLANT DETAIL
Plant Selection Level 5
Plant Name - A
Plant Name - B
Plant Name - C
Plant Name - D
Plant Name - E
Plant Name - F
Plant Name - G
Plant Name - H
Plant Name - I
Plant Name - J
Plant Name - K
Plant Name - L
Plant Name - M
Plant Name - N
Plant Name - O
Plant Name - P
Plant Name - Q
Plant Name - R
Plant Name - S
Plant Name - T
Plant Name - U
Plant Name - V
Plant Name - W
Plant Name - XYZ

Then, finally use
COMPANION PLANTING to
aid your plant selected or to
deter Pests
Plant Selection Level 6

Acis
"Their flowers give forth an intensely sweet perfume. Garden Culture - Any rich ordinary soil suits them to perfection, thriving equally well in either the open border or shady shrub beds. The bulbs should be planted 4 inches (10 cms) deep and 3 inches (7.5 cms) apart from August to November and need not be disturbed for several years. Propagate by offsets detached from the parent bulbs in September and October. " from The culture of bulbs, bulbous plants and tubers made plain by Sir J.L. Cotter. Published by Hutchinson & Co.

"They are excellent for cutting and make a good display either in a bed or in a thin woodland. They also do quite well in grass, which must not be mown until their leaves begin to die down.
Garden Culture - They seldom do themselves justice at their first time of flowering after being newly planted. Clumps may be left from 6 to 8 years without disturbance." from Black's Gardening Dictionary. Edited by E.T. Ellis, F.R.H.S. Second edition. Published by A. & C. Black Ltd. in 1928.

"Indoor Culture in Window-boxes - Plant in clumps during October, 3 inches (7.5 cms) deep, 2 inches (5 cms) apart. These are excellent for a site in partial shade, but will only succeed if left undisturbed for 2 or 3 years. Suitable varieties are Leucojum aestivum 'Gravetye Giant' and Leucojum vernum." from Indoor Bulb Growing by Edward Pearson. Published by Latimer House Limited in 1953.

Acis autumnalis
- autumn
(Autumn Snowflake, Syn. Leucojum autumnale)

White

aciscfloautumnalervroger1a

August, September,
October
6 petal, bell-shaped flowers in spike. Fragrant

4-6 x 4
(10-15 x 10)
Sand, Chalk. Requires excellent drainage.
Full Sun, Part Shade
Moist

Dark Green grass-like foliage, often being produced shortly after the flower spike.

Plant at edge of bed. Use in rock garden. Cut flower. Thin woodland or shade from shrubs. Naturalize in grass.

In autumn it throws up leafless stems from which it bears 2-4 bell shaped white flowers, often with red bases to them.

Acis autumnalis pulchellum -
autumn
(Leucojum autumnale oporan-themum,
Snowflake)

White

aciscfloautumnalepulchellumrvroger

August, September,
October
6 petal, bell-shaped flowers in spike.
Fragrant

8 x 4
(20 x 10)
Requires exce-llent drainage in Sand, Chalk.
Full Sun,
Dry - Water during growing season only

Dark Green grass-like foliage being produced at the same time as the flower spike.

Plant at edge of bed. Use in rock garden. Cut flower. Thin woodland or shade from shrubs. Naturalize in grass.

Plant with 1 or 2 inches (2.5 or 5 cms) of soil over the tops of the bulbs towards the front of a bed in an area where they can be left undisturbed.

Acis
autumnale 'September Snow' - autumn
(Leucojum autumnale 'September Snow')

Pure White flowers on 4-8 inch stems

aciscfloautumnaleseptembersnowrvroger1

September,
October

6 petal, bell-shaped flowers in spike.
Fragrant

4 x 2
(10 x 5)
Requires exce-llent drainage in Sand, Chalk.
Full Sun, Part Shade
Dry

Dark Green grass-like foliage being produced at the same time as the flower spike.

Plant at edge of bed. Use in rock garden. Cut flower. Thin woodland or shade from shrubs. Naturalize in grass.

Plant with 1 or 2 inches (2.5 or 5 cms) of soil over the tops of the bulbs towards the front of a bed in an area where they can be left undisturbed.

Acis valentinum
- autumn
(Acis ionica,
Leucojum valentinum)

White

aciscflovalentinumrvroger1a

February, March,
April, May
6 petal, bell-shaped flowers in spike.
Fragrant

10 x 12
(25 x 30)
Requires exce-llent drainage in Sand, Chalk.
Full Sun, Part Shade.
Moist

Thin Grey-Green leaves being produced after the flower spike.

Plant at edge of bed. Use in rock garden. Cut flow-er. Thin woodland or shade from shrubs. Naturalize in grass. Coastal conditions

Grows in open, calcareous, stony and rocky places, hill slopes. Requires winter mulch to protect it from the worst of the weather.

Allium callimischon callimischon - autumn

White with Red stripes

alliumcflocallimischoncallimischonrvroger1a

September, October,
November

Umbel

6-12 x 12 (15-30 x 30)

Sand, Chalk
Full Sun
Moist and stop watering when the foliage dies down

Green cylindrical and hollow leaves

These unusual autumn flowering species are ideal on a scree or rockery in full sun. They are hardy and also make nice pot specimens in a cold greenhouse.

Native of the Pelo-ponnese. Plant at soil level and 4 inches (10 cms) apart. All Alliums have the distinctive onion smell, both in the foliage and bulb. This smell can be used to reduce aphid infestations on flowers by planting 1 each side of the infected plant.

Babiana stricta - tender
(Baboon Flower)

Pale Cream through Purple, Mauve and Blue and Crimson

babianacflostrictarvroger1

March, April, May

5 petal, funnel-shaped flowers in a spike with slight fragrance

6-18 x 4
(15-45 x 9)
Sand, or Grow in pots with John Innes No 3 compost in a cool greenhouse.
Full Sun
Moist

Sword-shaped 5 inches (12.5 cm) long, 0.5 inches (1.125 cms) wide, green

babianacfolstrictarvroger1a

Plant against South-facing House Wall in Southern England where temperatures do not go below -5 degrees Centigrade. Mulch with 3 inches (7.5 cms) of organic compost to conserve moisture in the summer.

Set 6 inches (15 cms) deep in average and sandy soils, a little shallower in heavy clay - put 2 inches (5 cms) of sand surrounding bulb to prevent rotting - soils, 6 inches (15 cms) apart. Leave undisturbed for years.

Remove mulch during autumn and winter.

Biarum bovei
- autumn

Dark Green to Dark Brown Spathe

biarumcfloboveirvroger1

September, October, November

Up to 6 inches (15 cm) long spathe but not a flower

4-8 x 12
(10-20 x 30)

Scree, Sand or Chalky soil with 1 inch (2.5 cms) of sand worked into the top 2 inches (5 cms).
Full Sun.
Dry

The 5-10 light green leaves are 1 inch wide and 2-4 inches long.

biarumcfolboveirvroger1a

Can be planted beside a path in a rock garden where it is is a rocky, sandy location in full sun in Southern England.

Biarum is a group of unusual looking bulbs, grown for their weird and wonderful spathes that are produced in autumn. Not fully hardy so these are best grown in pots in the garden before spending the winter in a greenhouse.

Biarum ochridense
- autumn

Light Green with
Purple-Brown interior
Spathe

biarumcfloochridenservroger1

September, October

Up to 6 inches (15 cm) long spathe but not a flower

3-4 x 12
(7.5-10 x 30)
Scree, Sand or Chalky soil with 1 inch (2.5 cms) of sand worked into the top 2 inches (5 cms).
Full Sun.
Dry in summer, but winter moisture is essential.

5-10 light Green leaves emerge in Sep-Oct

biarumcfolochridenservroger1a

Can be planted beside a path in a rock garden where it is is a rocky, sandy location in full sun in Southern England.

Not fully hardy so these are best grown in pots in the garden before spending the winter in a greenhouse.

Biarum tenuifolium
- autumn
(Arum tenuifolium)

Pale Green with Purple Flush Spathe

biarumcflotenuifoliumrvroger1

July, August, September, October, November
Up to 6 inches (15 cm) long spathe but not a flower

10 x 12
(25 x 30)
Scree, Sand or Chalky soil with 1 inch (2.5 cms) of sand worked into the top 2 inches (5 cms).
Full Sun.
Dry in summer, but winter moisture is essential

5-10 light Green leaves emerge in Sep-Oct

biarumcfoltenuifoliumrvroger1a

Can be planted beside a path in a rock garden where it is is a rocky, sandy location in full sun in Southern England.

Native to the central and eastern Mediterranean.
Not fully hardy so these are best grown in pots in the garden before spending the winter in a greenhouse.

Biarum tenuifolium var. abbreviatum - autumn

Bright Green with
Blackish-Purple
interior Spathe

biarumcflotenuifoliumabbreviatumrvroger1a

September

Up to 6 inches (15 cm) long spathe but not a flower

9 x 12
(22.5 x 30)
Scree, Sand or Chalky soil with 1 inch (2.5 cms) of sand worked into the top 2 inches (5 cms).
Full Sun.
Dry in summer, but winter moisture is essential

5-10 light Green leaves emerge in Sep-Oct

Can be planted beside a path in a rock garden where it is is a rocky, sandy location in full sun in Southern England.

Native to Northern Greece and Italy.

Not fully hardy so these are best grown in pots in the garden before spending the winter in a greenhouse.

"The Erythroniums native to the Western U.S. are considered by many to be the most beautiful of the genus. Often called "Fawn Lilies" because of the dappled coloring to the leaves, they have dainty nodding flowers like small lilies, set off by large shining leaves that are either plain green or marbled with silver and bronze. Most grow in shaded woodland areas that go quite dry in summer, but with excellent drainage, they can tolerate some summer water." from Telos Rare Bulbs in USA.

"Culture in Garden - They like a damp, well-drained soil, and a partially drained position. The bulbs must not be kept out of the ground any longer than necessary, as they resent being moved, nor must the best results be expected at their first time of flowering. It follows that they should be left alone as long as they flower well. An anual top-dressing of a mixture of light decayed manure and peat benefits them. They are increased by offsets and by seed, which last should be thinly sown in pans in a cold frame in August, and the seedlings grown on for 2 years before planted out in the the open; or if room can be found, in loose soil in a cold frame where they remain until the bloom, when the best can be marked before they are put in their permanent places." from Black's Gardening Dictionary. Edited by E.T. Ellis, F.R.H.S. Second edition. Published by A. & C. Black Ltd. in 1928.

"The largest flower spikes are found where the ground has recently been burnt, so it is possible that a top dressing of potash would have the same effect. If they are to be divided and moved in the same garden this is probably best done when they are beginning to die down after flowering." from Collins Guide to Bulbs by Patrick M. Synge. Reprinted 173. ISBN 0 00 214016-0

"Suitable for cultivation in the garden, greenhouse or house. They succeed in any good well-drained garden soil, but the ideal compost is equal parts loam, peat, leaf mould and sand. The bulbs should be planted in August in a shady position in beds, rock gardens, edges or under trees. Once planted, they need not be disturbed for many years.
For indoor culture the bulbs should be planted 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep and 0.5 inches (1.25 cms) apart in pots in August in the same compost as that recommended for outoor cultivation. The pots should be placed in a cold frame, watered very little until February, and then placed in a sunny window to flower in March. Propagation is best effected by means of offsets in August." from The culture of bulbs, bulbous plants and tubers made plain by Sir J.L. Cotter. Published by Hutchinson & Co.

"Rock Garden Culture for Erythronium citrinum (Yellow flowers); Erythronium Frans Hals (Purple-rose flowers); Erythronium revolutum (Pink flowers); Erythronium Hartwegii (Creamy-white flowers) - Plant in September 1.5 inches (3.75 cms) deep and 4 inches (10 cms) apart, in partial shade, in moist, well-drained sandy loam and ample leaf-mould or peat. Surround the tubers with about an inch (2.5 cms) of silver sand, and do not lift more often than necessary, but mulch annually with well-rotted manure and leaf-mould. Propagate by means of seed in a frame in August. Thin out but do not plant the seedlings out until the third September after sowing. The plants are also increased by offsets." from Rock Gardens how to plan and plant them with sections on the Wall, Paved, Marsh and Water Gardens by A. Edwards in charge of the rock garden, kew. Published by Ward, Lock & Co. in 1929.

Erythronium
dens-canis
(European Dog's-Tooth Violet)

White,
Pink or Lilac

erythrouniumcflo9denscanis1

Each flower stem will have 1-10 downward pointing flowers, with reflexed petals.

April, May, June
April, May, June

Clump.
6 petal,
Star-shaped flowers in a spike

6 x 5
(15 x 12)

Humus-rich Sand.
Part Shade, Full Shade.
Moist

Bulbs must be kept slightly damp during storage and before planting.

The broad, often mottled, mid-Green marbled purplish-
Brown leaves appear first and then the wiry flower stems will come through from the middle.

Erythroniums fit in naturally with Trilliums, Galanthus, Hepatica, Helleborus, Hosta, Pulmonaria, Cyclamen coum and Cyclamen hederifolium.

Grow under deciduous trees/shrubs, in a rock garden, or naturalize in thin grass.

Ideally they like a soil which will dry out in Summer although many will do very well in a normal shady bed or border.

Must receive adequate moisture during early spring when the foliage is making growth. Appreciates additional dressings of fallen leaves when the plant is in woodland gardens.

Erythroniums do best when planted under trees and shrubs - to provide partial shade during the hottest part of the day, in as near to a woodland setting as possible. Plant bulbs 5 inches (12.5 cms) deep in good, rich soil; in the autumn in soil that does not dry out.

If you want to plant them in pots use a John Innes compost rather than a peat based compost. They will be fine in this and should only be repotted when it is absolutely necessary.

Step 2

Have you ever been to an unmanaged forest and walked through it?

You will find litter on the ground and the following article from Wikipedia will explain where that forest gets its nutrients from:-

"Litterfall, plant litter, leaf litter, tree litter, soil litter, or duff, is dead plant material, such as leaves, bark, needles, and twigs, that have fallen to the ground. This detritus or dead organic material and its constituent nutrients are added to the top layer of soil, commonly known as the litter layer or O horizon ("O" for "organic").

Litterfall is characterized as fresh, undecomposed, and easily recognizable (by species and type) plant debris. This can be anything from leaves, cones, needles, twigs, bark, seeds/nuts, logs, or reproductive organs (e.g. the stamen of flowering plants). Items larger than 2 cm diameter are referred to as coarse litter, while anything smaller is referred to as fine litter or litter. The type of litterfall is most directly affected by ecosystem type. For example, leaf tissues account for about 70 percent of litterfall in forests, but woody litter tends to increase with forest age. In grasslands, there is very little aboveground perennial tissue so the annual litterfall is very low and quite nearly equal to the net primary production.

In soil science, soil litter is classified in three layers, which form on the surface of the O Horizon. These are the L, F, and H layers:

L - organic horizon characterized by relatively undecomposed plant material (described above).

F - organic horizon found beneath L characterized by accumulation of partly decomposed organic matter.

H - organic horizon below F characterized by accumulation of fully decomposed organic matter mostly indiscernible.

Surface detritus facilitates the capture and infiltration of rainwater into lower soil layers. Soil litter protects soil aggregates from raindrop impact, preventing the release of clay and silt particles from plugging soil pores. Releasing clay and silt particles reduces the capacity for soil to absorb water and increases cross surface flow, accelerating soil erosion. In addition soil litter reduces wind erosion by preventing soil from losing moisture and providing cover preventing soil transportation.

Many organisms that live on the forest floor are decomposers, such as fungi. Organisms whose diet consists of plant detritus, such as earthworms, are termed detritivores. The community of decomposers in the litter layer also includes bacteria, amoeba, nematodes, rotifer, springtails, cryptostigmata, potworms, insect larvae, mollusks, oribatid mites, woodlice, and millipedes. Their consumption of the litterfall results in the breakdown of simple carbon compounds into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), and releases inorganic ions (like nitrogen and phosphorus) into the soil where the surrounding plants can then reabsorb the nutrients that were shed as litterfall. In this way, litterfall becomes an important part of the nutrient cycle that sustains forest environments.

As litter decomposes, nutrients are released into the environment. The portion of the litter that is not readily decomposable is known as humus. Litter aids in soil moisture retention by cooling the ground surface and holding moisture in decaying organic matter. The flora and fauna working to decompose soil litter also aid in soil respiration. A litter layer of decomposing biomass provides a continuous energy source for macro- and micro-organisms."

This is why when I am maintaining a client's garden, I weed and put the weeds under the hedge or inside the base area of groundcover shrubs/trees, remembering to take out the weed roots as well. I spread a 4 inch (10 cms) depth of Spent Mushroom Compost on the weeded area before going to the next area to be weeded the following visit. When I have weeded and mulched the garden beds/hedges, then on each subsequent visit I go round all the garden beds and hoe any weed that pushes its way through the mulch and leave it to dry off and wither away on top of the mulch. I then prune the shrubs/hedges or remove bedding plants etc as required and place those on the lawn before mowing them and the lawn and putting a 0.5 inch (1 cm) layer of grass mowings/prunings on top of the mulch. This then mimics the same process as detailed above in the Wikipedia article to feed my client's plants and reduce their water consumption.

Erythronium
'Pagoda'
(Trout Lily)

Sulphur-Yellow with brown central rings

erythroniumcflos9pagoda

April, May, June

Forms a large Clump.
6 petal,
helmet-shaped flowers in a spike

12 x 4
(30 x 9)

Chalk,
Part Shade, Full Shade
Moist

Bronze-mottled, glossy, deep green

Plant in pots, woodland or under shrubs in bed. Use as indoor plant in Green-house or sunny window of cool room inside house. Inside Alpine House, or outside in Alpine Trough, or Window-box.

Bulbs must be kept slightly damp during storage and before planting. A good variety to start off with. Received an 'Award of Merit' in 1959. Ideal compost is equal parts loam, peat, leaf mould and sand for pots.

Erythronium
tuolumnense
(Trout Lily)

Bright Yellow

erythroniumcflo9tuolumense1

April, May, June

Forms a large clump.
6 petal,
star-shaped flowers in a spike

12 x 4
(30 x 10)

Chalk,
Part Shade, Full Shade
Moist

Wavy-margined, pale to mid-green.

Plant in pots, woodland or under shrubs in bed. Use as indoor plant in Green-house or sunny window of cool room inside house.

Plant inside Alpine House, or outside in Alpine Trough, or Window-box.

Ferraria crispa
- tender

Dark Brown, Maroon and Black

ferrariacflocrisparvroger1

October, November, December

6 petal, star-shaped flowers

16-20 x 16 ( 40-50 x 40)

Well-drained Sand, Scree
Full Sun,
Dry

Suitable for coastal conditions in stony or sandy soil.

Light green leaves overlap each other being up to 12 inches long, with the uppermost surrounding the flowers.

ferrariacfolcrisparvroger1

The corms should be planted 3-4 inches (7.5-10 cms) deep and 6-8 inches (15-20 cms) apart in pots in a frost-free greenhouse during the winter and then the pots can be sunk into a south-facing rock garden during the summer in bold clumps.

It grows in dunes and sandy places in South Africa. Flowers may last only one day, but the plant will continue to produce flowers for several weeks from October to early December.

Freesia
Delicate funnel-shaped flowers in spring and summer, surrounded by a fan of light green sword-like leaves, but the main attraction with these bulbs is the sweet fragrance that fills the room. Plant 5cm (2 inches) deep in a loam-based compost mixed with one-third sharp sand in a pot. Keep at 5C and water sparingly until growth begins. Once 7-8 leaves have appeared feed with a foliar feed every two weeks to encourage spectacular flowering." from R.V. Roger. Bring indoors when nightime temperature drops below 9 degrees Centigrade.
Plant against South-facing House Wall in Southern England during September where temperatures do not go below 0 degrees Centigrade during the winter. Set 2 inches (5 cms) deep in average and sandy soils, 3 inches (7.5 cms) apart. Mulch with 3 inches (7.5 cms) of organic compost to conserve moisture in the autumn, remove mulch during the summer. Leave undisturbed for years; move during their dormant period during the summer.
In colder areas, lift corms after foliage dies, store overwinter, and replant in the spring.
Excellent house plants and cut flowers. Good in rock garden and in edge of beds, however, may not be worth time and effort needed if cannot be left in ground.

"For outdoor culture, any light rich sandy soil will suffice, and the bulbs should be planted 2 inch (5 cms) deep and 2 inches apart in August and September. Do not move plants while growing as plants resent being disturbed.
Indoor culture, The bulbs should be planted as soon as possible in August and from then on in fortnightly batches until the end of September. This ensures a good succession from Christmas onwards for some weeks. 5 inch (12.5 cms) pots are the most suitable, and from 6 to 8 bulbs may be planted in a pot (use a deep pot to allow roots to expand) in a compost consisting of 2 parts sandy loam, 1 part leaf mould, 1 part decayed manure, and a liberal admixture of silver sand. In the case of very small or young bulbs as many as a dozen may be planted in each pot.
After potting, the bulbs should be plunged in a cold frame in ashes or fibre refuse until growth commences, which will usually be in about a month. Water should be given sparingly at first, but as soon as growth is really active these plants like an abundant supply. As soon the buds begin to form weak liquid manure may be given once a month. As the flowers fade water should be gradually withheld, and the bulbs permitted to ripen off. When the foliage has quite died down the pots should be stood on their sides in full on some temporary shelf erected near the roof of the greenhouse or some similar structure in order to allow the bulbs to receive a thorough roasting. I feel sure that this is one of the most essential points in connection with the culture of Freesias. All the most successful growers I have known, either professional or amateur, have adopted this method. The bulbs may be left in the pots until August, then shaken out and carefully sorted, the largest being planted together to supply the coming season's bloom, the smaller grown on to form bulbs for the coming season.
The propagation of Freesias is effected by potting on the small offset bulbs at potting time, or by sowing seeds either as soon as ripe or in March and April. Many seedlings will flower the same year, but none should be transplanted until the following season." from The culture of bulbs, bulbous plants and tubers made plain by Sir J.L. Cotter. Published by Hutchinson & Co.

"Pot not more than 5 top-sized corms into a 5 inch (12.5 cm) pot from August and onwards, using John Innes compost or 4 parts sand, 3 parts leaf-mould with 0.5 ounces medium bone-meal mixed in the compost. The pots should then be plunged in a sunny spot in the garden, or frame, and remain there until there is the first possibility of frosts. During this time the corms must develop a good length of leaf. Where there is no garden a peat-filled box set up by a sunny window will do as a plunging ground. In such case it is important to see that the peat is kept sufficiently moist and that the excessive heat through the window does not scorch the potting compost. The window should be kept open in hot weather and at all convenient times.
Water very lightly at all times, but particularly up to the time of flowering. Failure to flower is too often caused by excess water.
Fertilisers - The addition of 0.5 ounce bone-meal to the potting mixture is sufficient until the flower buds are formed. If John Innes compost is used, no fertilisers need be used. Otherwise when the flower buds appear a teaspoonful of a complete fertiliser should be watered into each pot.
Temperature - Many failures are also caused by over-heating. Temperature conditions will give the best results, and heat at no time should be more than 60F (15C), while 50F (10C) is the best.
Position - South window or where the plants will get the maximum amount of light. Care should be taken that the flowering plants are not scorched by sun heat when close to the glass.
Flowering - Mid-January-March, dependent upon the varieties and potting time. It is important to provide support for the plants as soon as the leaves appear. After flowering, and when the leaves have died down, the corms should be allowed to rest until July, when they can be lifted and repotted in August for indoor flowering again. During the resting period no watering need be carried out.
The best general effect is obtained by planting a mixture of varieties, choosing those which will flower at the same time." from Indoor Bulb Growing by Edward Pearson. Published by Latimer House Limited in 1953.

The following details come from Cactus Art:-

"A flower is the the complex sexual reproductive structure of Angiosperms, typically consisting of an axis bearing perianth parts, androecium (male) and gynoecium (female).

Bisexual flower show four distinctive parts arranged in rings inside each other which are technically modified leaves: Sepal, petal, stamen & pistil. This flower is referred to as complete (with all four parts) and perfect (with "male" stamens and "female" pistil). The ovary ripens into a fruit and the ovules inside develop into seeds.

Incomplete flowers are lacking one or more of the four main parts. Imperfect (unisexual) flowers contain a pistil or stamens, but not both. The colourful parts of a flower and its scent attract pollinators and guide them to the nectary, usually at the base of the flower tube.

partsofaflowersmallest1a

Androecium (male Parts or stamens)
It is made up of the filament and anther, it is the pollen producing part of the plant. Anther This is the part of the stamen that produces and contains pollen.  Filament This is the fine hair-like stalk that the anther sits on top of. Pollen This is the dust-like male reproductive cell of flowering plants.

Gynoecium (female Parts or carpels or pistil)  It is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary. Each pistil is constructed of one to many rolled leaflike structures. Stigma This is the part of the pistil which receives the pollen grains and on which they germinate.  Style This is the long stalk that the stigma sits on top of.  Ovary The part of the plant that contains the ovules.  Ovule The part of the ovary that becomes the seeds.   Petal  The colorful, often bright part of the flower (corolla).  Sepal  The parts that look like little green leaves that cover the outside of a flower bud (calix).  (Undifferentiated "Perianth segment" that are not clearly differentiated into sepals and petals, take the names of tepals.)"

The following details come from Nectary Genomics:-

"NECTAR. Many flowering plants attract potential pollinators by offering a reward of floral nectar. The primary solutes found in most nectars are varying ratios of sucrose, glucose and fructose, which can range from as little a 8% (w/w) in some species to as high as 80% in others. This abundance of simple sugars has resulted in the general perception that nectar consists of little more than sugar-water; however, numerous studies indicate that it is actually a complex mixture of components. Additional compounds found in a variety of nectars include other sugars, all 20 standard amino acids, phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, vitamins, organic acids, oils, free fatty acids, metal ions and proteins.

NECTARIES. An organ known as the floral nectary is responsible for producing the complex mixture of compounds found in nectar. Nectaries can occur in different areas of flowers, and often take on diverse forms in different species, even to the point of being used for taxonomic purposes. Nectaries undergo remarkable morphological and metabolic changes during the course of floral development. For example, it is known that pre-secretory nectaries in a number of species accumulate large amounts of starch, which is followed by a rapid degradation of amyloplast granules just prior to anthesis and nectar secretion. These sugars presumably serve as a source of nectar carbohydrate.

WHY STUDY NECTAR? Nearly one-third of all worldwide crops are dependent on animals to achieve efficient pollination. In addition, U.S. pollinator-dependent crops have been estimated to have an annual value of up to $15 billion. Many crop species are largely self-incompatible (not self-fertile) and almost entirely on animal pollinators to achieve full fecundity; poor pollinator visitation has been reported to reduce yields of certain species by up to 50%."

Freesia alba
- tender
(Freesia lactea)

White
with a
Creamy-Yellow centre.

freesiacfloalbarvroger1a

March,
April,
May.

6 petal, funnel-shaped flowers in a cluster. Very strongly scented.

8-17 x 4
(21-42 x 9)

Sand, or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist when growing, bone dry when dormant.

Light Green sword-like leaves

freesiacfolalbarvroger1a1

Bring pot indoors when nightime temperature drops below 9 degrees Centigrade. Excellent house plants and cut flowers.

Native to South Africa. Main attraction with these bulbs is the sweet fragrance that fills the room. If outside, mulch in autumn, remove mulch in summer.

Freesia andersoniae
- tender
(Freesia leichtlinii,
Freesia middlemostii)

Cream to Purple with yellow.

freesiacfloandersoniaervroger1

April, May.

6 petal, funnel-shaped flowers in a cluster. Very fragrant.

8 x 4
(21 x 9 )

Sand, Gravel, or potting compost,
Full Sun,
moist

Dark Green

freesiacfolandersoniaervroger1a

Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall.

Native to southern coastal areas of South Africa.

Plant against South-facing House Wall in Southern England

Freesia corymbosa
- tender

Pale yellow with bright yellow-orange markings.

freesiacflocorymbosarvroger1

April, May.
6 petal, funnel-shaped flowers in a cluster.
One of the most fragrant, especially in evening. Aside from fragra-nce, has little to recommend it.

12 x 24
(30 x 60)

Sand, Gravel, or potting compost,
Full Sun,
moist

Erect, spiral dark green fan, 10 inches (25 cms) long.

freesiacfolcorymbosarvroger1a

Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter. Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall.

Native to eastern Cape Province of South Africa.

Plant against South-facing House Wall in Southern England

Freesia elimensis
- tender

Fragrant Ivory White with mauve reverse and yellow markings.

freesiacfloelimensisrvroger1

April, May.

6 petal, funnel-shaped flowers in a cluster.
A sweet scent particularly in evening.

6-12 x 6
(15-30 x 15)

Sand, Gravel, or potting compost,
Full Sun,
moist

Dark Green

freesiacfolelimensisrvroger1a

Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter. Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall.

Native to South Africa.

In colder areas, lift corms after foliage dies, store overwinter, and replant in the spring.

Freesia speciosa 'Athene'
- tender

Fragrant Ivory-White
with a Yellow throat.

freesiacfloathenervroger1

April, May.

6 petal, funnel-shaped flowers in a cluster.
Very fragrant.

10 x 20
(25 x 50)

Sand, Gravel, or potting compost,
Full Sun,
moist

Dark Green foliage held in fan shape

freesiacfolathenervroger1a

Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter. Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall.

Introduced in 1957 and recei-ved an 'Award of Merit' in 1962.

Step 3

Negatative impacts on the soil food web

Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, and fungicides affect the soil food web, toxic to some members, warding off others, and changing the environment. Important fungal and bacterial relationships don't form when a plant can get free nutrients. When chemically fed, plants bypass the microbial-assisted method of obtaining nutrients, and microbial populations adjust accordingly. Trouble is, you have to keep adding chemical fertilizers and using "-icides", because the right mix and diversity - the very foundation of the soil food web - has been altered.

It makes sense that once the bacteria, fungi, nematodes and protozoa are gone, other members of the soil food web disappear as well. Earthworms, for example, lacking food and irritated by the synthetic nitrates in soluble nitrogen fertilizers, move out. Since they are major shredders of organic material, their absence is a great loss. Soil structure deteriorates, watering can become problematic, pathogens and pests establish themselves and, worst of all, gardening becomes a lot more work than it needs to be.

If the salt-based chemical fertilizers don't kill portions of the soil food web, rototilling (rotovating) will. This gardening rite of spring breaks up fungal hyphae, decimates worms, and rips and crushes arthropods. It destroys soil structure and eventually saps soil of necessary air. Any chain is only as strong as its weakest link: if there is a gap in the soil food web, the system will break down and stop functioning properly.

Gardening with the soil food web is easy, but you must get the life back in your soils. First, however, you have to know something about the soil in which the soil food web operates; second, you need to know what each of the key members of the food web community does. Both these concerns are taken up in the rest of Part 1" of Teaming with Microbes - The Organic Gardener's Guide to the Soil Food Web by Jeff Lowenfels and Wayne Lewis ISBN-13:978-1-60469-113-9 Published 2010.

This book explains in non-technical language how soil works and how you can improve your garden soil to make it suitable for what you plant and hopefully stop you using chemicals to kill this or that, but use your grass cuttings and prunings to mulch your soil - the leaves fall off the trees, the branches fall on the ground, the animals shit and die on the land in old woodlands and that material is then recycled to provide the nutrients for those same trees, rather than being carefully removed and sent to the dump as most people do in their gardens leaving bare soil.

Freesia speciosa 'Ballerina'
- tender

Fragrant Ivory-White.

freesiacfloballerinarvroger1

April, May.

6 petal, funnel-shaped flowers in a cluster.
Very fragrant.

10 x 20
(25 x 50)

Sand, Gravel, or potting compost,
Full Sun,
moist

Dark Green foliage held in fan shape

freesiacfolballerinarvroger1a

Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall.

Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter.

Freesia speciosa 'Bloemfontein'
- tender

Dusky Pink on a
Yellow centre.

freesiacflobloemfontein1a

April, May.

6 petal, funnel-shaped double-flowered flowers in a cluster.

10 x 20
(25 x 50)

Sand, Gravel, or potting compost,
Full Sun,
moist

Dark Green foliage held in fan shape

freesiacfolbloemfontein1a

Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall.

Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter.

Freesia speciosa 'Chiron'
- tender

Dark Red on a pale
Yellow centre.

freesiacflochironrvroger1a

April, May.

6 petal, funnel-shaped single-flowered flowers in a cluster.

10 x 20
(25 x 50)

Sand, Gravel, or potting compost,
Full Sun,
moist

Dark Green foliage held in fan shape

freesiacfolchironrvroger1a

Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall.

Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter.

Freesia speciosa 'Clazina'
- tender

Lemon Yellow.

freesiacfloclazinarvroger1

April, May.

6 petal, funnel-shaped single-flowered flowers in a cluster.

10 x 20
(25 x 50)

Sand, Gravel, or potting compost,
Full Sun,
moist

Dark Green foliage held in fan shape

Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall.

Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter.

Freesia speciosa 'Corona'
- tender

Yellow.

freesiacflocoronarvroger1

April, May.

6 petal, funnel-shaped double-flowered flowers in a cluster.

10 x 20
(25 x 50)

Sand, Gravel, or potting compost,
Full Sun,
moist

Dark Green foliage held in fan shape

freesiacfolcoronarvroger1a

Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall.

Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter.

Freesia speciosa 'Diana'
- tender

White.

freesiacflodianarvroger1

April, May.

6 petal, funnel-shaped double-flowered flowers in a cluster.

10 x 20
(25 x 50)

Sand, Gravel, or potting compost,
Full Sun,
moist

Dark Green foliage held in fan shape

freesiacfoldianarvroger1a

Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall.

Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter.

Freesia speciosa 'Epona'
- tender

Red.

freesiacfloeponarvroger2

April, May.

6 petal, funnel-shaped single-flowered flowers in a cluster.

10 x 20
(25 x 50)

Sand, Gravel, or potting compost,
Full Sun,
moist

Dark Green foliage held in fan shape

freesiacfoleponarvroger1a

Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall.

Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter.

BULB FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY PAGES	BULB INDEX link to Bulb Description Page or link to Page in 4000 x 3000 pixel Raw Camera Photo Gallery or link to Page in 1000 Ground-cover Plants or link to Page in Infill Galleries:-
BULB FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY PAGES
Number of Flower Petals	Petal-less	1	2	3	4	5	Above 5

Flower Shape - Simple	Stars with Single Flowers	Bowls	Cups and Saucers	Globes	Goblets and Chalices	Trumpets	Funnels

Flower Shape - Simple	Bells	Thimbles	Urns	Salverform

Flower Shape - Elabor-ated	Tubes, Lips and Straps	Slippers, Spurs and Lockets	Hats, Hoods and Helmets	Stan-dards, Wings and Keels	Discs and Florets	Pin-Cushions	Tufts and Petal-less Cluster

Flower Shape - Elabor-ated	Cushion	Umbel	Buttons with Double Flowers	Pompoms	Stars with Semi-Double Flowers

Natural Arrange-ments	Bunches, Posies and Sprays (Group)	Columns, Spikes and Spires	Whorls, Tiers and Cande-labra	Plumes and Tails	Chains and Tassels	Clouds, Garlands and Cascades	Sphere, Dome (Clusters), Drumstick and Plate

FURTHER BULB FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY PAGES	Bulbs - a complete handbook of bulbs, corms and tubers by Roy Genders. Published in 1973 by Robert Hale & Company. Contents History, Culture and Characteristics Early History Botanical Characteristics of Bulbs, Corms and Tubers Propagation Bulbs in the Woodland Garden Bulbs in Short Grass is detailed in Ivydene Gardens Bulb, Corm, Rhizome and Tuber Gallery Site Map Bulbs in the Shrubbery Spring Bedding Summer Bedding A border of bulbs Bulbs for the alpine garden Bulbs for trough garden and window box- Bulbs for alpine house and frame Bulbs in the home Scent in bulbs Diseases and pests of bulbs and corms Alphabetical Guide - Pages 154-543 provides an Alphabetical Guide to these bulbs, with each genus having a description with details of culture, propagation and details of each of its species and varieties:- "Cardiocrinum (Liliaceae) A genus of three species, native of the Himalayas and eastern Asia, which at one time were included in the genus Lilium. They differ in that their bulbs have few scales, while the seed capsules are toothed. They are plants of dense woodlands of Assam and Yunnan, where the rainfall is the highest in the world and they grow best in shade and in a moist humus-laden soil. The basal leaves are cordate, bright-green and glossy; the flowers trumpet-like with reflexed segments. They are borne in umbels of 10 to 20 on stems 10 to 12 ft (120-144 inches, 300 to 360 centimetres) tall. In their native land they are found growing with magnolias and rhododendrons. Culture The bulbs are dark green and as large as a hockey ball. Plant 24 (60) apart early in spring, away from a frost pocket, and with the top part exposed. Three bulbs planted together in a spinney or in a woodland clearing will present a magnificent site when in bloom. They require protection from the heat of summer and a cool root run; they are also gross feeders so the soil should be enriched with decayed manure and should contain a large amount of peat or leaf-mould. The bulbs will begin to grow in the warmth of spring, and by early June the flower stems will have attained a height of 96 (240) or more and will be bright green with a few scattered leaves. The basal leaves will measure 10 (25) wide, like those of the arum. The flowers appear in July and last only a few days to be replaced by attractive large seed pods, while the handsome basal leaves remain green until the autumn. The flower stems are hollow. Propagation After flowering and the dying back of the leaves, the bulb also dies. Early in November it should be dug up, when it will be seen that three to 5 small bulbs are clustered around it. These are replanted 24 (60) apart with the nose exposed and into soil that has been deeply worked and enriched with leaf mould and decayed manure. They will take two years to bear bloom, but if several are planted each year there will always be some at the flowering stage. To protect them from frost, the newly planted bulbs should be given a deep mulch either of decayed leaves or peat shortly after planting, while additional protection may be given by placing fronds of bracken or hurdles over the mulch. Plants may be raised from seed sown in a frame in a sandy compost or in boxes in a greenhouse. If the seed is sown in September when harvested, it will germinare in April. In autumn the seedlings will be ready to transplant into a frame or into boxes, spacing them 3 (7.5) apart. They need moisture while growing but very little during winter when dormant. In June they will be ready to move to their flowering quarters such as a clearing in a woodland where the ground has been cleaned of perennial weeds and fortified with humus and plant food. Plant 24 (60) apart and protect the young plants until established with low boards erected around them. They will bloom in about eight years from sowing time. Species Cardiocrinum cathayanum. Native of western and central China, it will grow 36-48 (90-120) tall and halfway up the stem produces a cluster of oblong leaves. The funnel-shaped flowers are borne three to five to each stem and appear in an umbel at the top. They are white or cream, shaded with green and spotted with brown and appear early in July. The plant requires similar conditions to Cardiocrinum giganteum and behaves in like manner. Cardiocrinum cordatum. Native of Japan, it resembles Cardiocrinum giganteum with its heart-shaped basal leaves, which grow from the scales of the greenish-white bulb and which, like those of the paeony (with which it may be planted), first appear bronzey-red before turning green. The flowers are produced horizontally in sixes or eights at the end of a 72 (180) stem and are ivory-white shaded green on the outside, yellow in the throat and spotted with purple. They are deliciously scented. Cardiocrinum giganteum. Native of Assam and the eastern Himalayas where it was found by Dr Wallich in 1816 in the rain-saturated forests. It was first raised from seed and distributed by the Botanical Gardens of Dublin, and first flowered in the British Isles at Edinburgh in 1852. Under conditions it enjoys, it will send up its hollow green stems (which continue to grow until autumn) to a height of 120-144 (300-360), each with as many as 10 to 20 or more funnel-shaped blooms 6 (15) long. The flowers are white, shaded green on the outside and reddish-purple in the throat. Their scent is such that when the air is calm the plants may be detected from a distance of 100 yards = 3600 inches = 9000 centimetres. Especially is their fragrance most pronounced at night. The flowers droop downwards and are at their best during July and August. The large basal leaves which surround the base of the stem are heart-shaped and short-stalked." with these Appendices:-
	A - Planting Depths (Out-doors)	B - Bulbs and their Habitat	C - Planting and Flowering Times for Out-door Cult-ivation	D - Flowering Times for Indoor Bulbs	E - Bulbs with Scented Flowers	F - Common Names of Bulbous plants	G - From Sowing time to Bloom

	Bulbs in Cultivation including vital bulb soil preparation from Bulbs for Small Garden by E.C.M. Haes. Published by Pan Books in 1967:-
	Bulbs in the Small Garden with Garden Plan and its different bulb sections	A choice of Outdoor Bulbs	False Bulbs	Bulbs Indoors	Bulb Calendar	Planting Times and Depth	Composts
Bulb Form	Mat-Forming	Prostrate or Trailing	Cushion or Mound-forming	Spreading or Creeping	Clump-forming	Stemless. Sword-shaped Leaves	Erect or Upright
Bulb Use	Other than Only Green Foliage	Bedding or Mass Planting	Ground-Cover	Cut-Flower 1, 2	Tolerant of Shade	In Woodland Areas	Under-plant
	Tolerant of Poor Soil	Covering Banks	In Water	Beside Stream or Water Garden	Coastal Conditions	Edging Borders	Back of Border or Back-ground Plant
	Fragrant Flowers	Not Fragrant Flowers	Indoor House-plant	Grow in a Patio Pot 1, 2	Grow in an Alpine Trough	Grow in an Alpine House	Grow in Rock Garden
	Speciman Plant	Into Native Plant Garden	Naturalize in Grass	Grow in Hanging Basket	Grow in Window-box	Grow in Green-house	Grow in Scree
			Natural-ized Plant Area	Grow in Cottage Garden	Attracts Butter-flies	Attracts Bees	Resistant to Wildlife
Bulb in Soil	Chalk 1, 2	Clay	Sand 1, 2	Lime-Free (Acid)	Peat

Bulb Height from Text Border		Brown= 0-12 inches (0-30 cms)	Blue = 12-24 inches (30-60 cms)		Green= 24-36 inches (60-90 cms)		Red = 36+ inches (90+ cms)
Bulb Soil Moisture from Text Background		Wet Soil		Moist Soil		Dry Soil
Flowering months range abreviates month to its first 3 letters (Apr-Jun is April, May and June). Click on thumbnail to change this comparison page to the Plant Description Page of the Bulb named in the Text box below that photo. The Comments Row of that Plant Description Page links to where you personally can purchase that bulb via mail-order.

Freesia speciosa 'Fantasy'
- tender

Creamy-White.

freesiacflofantasyrvroger1

April, May.

6 petal, funnel-shaped double-flowered flowers in a cluster.

10 x 20
(25 x 50)

Sand, Gravel, or potting compost,
Full Sun,
moist

Dark Green foliage held in fan shape

freesiacfolfantasyrvroger1a

Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall.

Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter.

Freesia speciosa 'Golden Melody'
- tender

Buttercup Yellow.

freesiacflogoldenmelodyrvroger1

April, May.

6 petal, funnel-shaped single-flowered flowers in a cluster.

10 x 20
(25 x 50)

Sand, Gravel, or potting compost,
Full Sun,
moist

Dark Green foliage held in fan shape

freesiacfolgoldenmelodyrvroger1a

Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall.

Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter.

Freesia speciosa 'Jessica'
- tender

Purple-Red.

freesiacflojessicarvroger1

April, May.

6 petal, funnel-shaped semi-double-flowered flowers in a cluster.

10 x 20
(25 x 50)

Sand, Gravel, or potting compost,
Full Sun,
moist

Dark Green foliage held in fan shape

freesiacfoljessicarvroger1a

Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall.

Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter.

Freesia speciosa 'Magdalena'
- tender

Yellow.

freesiacflomagdalenarvroger1

April, May.

6 petal, funnel-shaped single-flowered flowers in a cluster.

10 x 20
(25 x 50)

Sand, Gravel, or potting compost,
Full Sun,
moist

Dark Green foliage held in fan shape

freesiacfolmagdalenarvroger1a

Excellent house plants and cut flowers, also in rock garden next to house wall.

Bring pot indoors during autumn and winter.

Ixia 'Blue Bird' - tender
(Wand flower, Corn Lily)
The name is from the Greek ixos which is birdlime, referring to the clammy sap of these plants.

Pale Blue and Purple

ixiacflobluebirdrvroger1a1

June, July

Clump.
6 petal, star-shaped flowers in spike

16 x 12
(39 x 30)
Sand.
Full Sun,
Moist

3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm

ixiacfolbluebirdrvroger1

Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover

In very mild areas, plant out in sandy soil with good drainage and 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep coarse bark mulch, in March and then lift in late summer when the foliage has died down. Then, corms should be allowed to become dry.

Ixia 'Castor' - tender
(Wand flower, Corn Lily)

Violet Purple

ixiacflocastorrvroger

June, July

Clump.
6 petal, star-shaped flowers in spike

16 x 12
(39 x 30)
Sand.
Full Sun,
Moist

3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm

ixiacfolcastorrvroger1

Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover

Ixia flexuosa - tender
(Wand flower, Corn Lily, Ixia polystachya)

Pinkish Mauve

ixiacfloflexuosarvroger

June, July

Clump.
6 petal, star-shaped flowers in spike. Slightly scented

24 x 24
(60 x 60)
Sand.
Full Sun,
Moist

3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm

Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover

Ixia 'Giant' - tender
(Wand flower, Corn Lily)

Ivory and Purple

ixiacflogiantrvroger1

June, July

Clump.
6 petal, star-shaped flowers in spike

16 x 12
(39 x 30)
Sand.
Full Sun,
Moist

3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm

Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover

Ixia 'Hogarth' - tender
(Wand flower, Corn Lily)

Cream and Purple

ixiacflohogarthrvroger1

June, July

Clump.
6 petal, star-shaped flowers in spike

16 x 12
(39 x 30)
Sand.
Full Sun,
Moist

3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm

Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover

Ixia 'Holland's Gloire'
- tender
(Wand flower, Corn Lily)

Yellow

ixiacflohollandsgloirervroger1

July

Clump.
6 petal, star-shaped flowers in spike

16 x 12
(39 x 30)
Sand.
Full Sun,
Moist

3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm

ixiacfolhollandsgloirervroger1a

Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover

Ixia 'Mabel' - tender
(Wand flower, Corn Lily)

Pink with Red Blush

ixiacflomabelrvroger1

June, July

Clump.
6 petal, star-shaped flowers in spike

16 x 12
(39 x 30)
Sand.
Full Sun,
Moist

3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm

ixiacfolmabelrvroger1a

Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover

Ixia maculata - tender
(Wand flower, Corn Lily)

Yellow with Purplish-
Black Blotches

ixiacflomaculatarvroger1a

May, June

Clump.
6 petal, star-shaped flowers in a cluster of up to 17 individual blooms

18 x 12
(45 x 30)
Sand.
Full Sun,
Moist

4 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm

ixiacfolmaculatarvroger1a

Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover

Ixia 'Marquette' - tender
(Wand flower, Corn Lily)

Yellow and Purple

ixiacflomarquettervroger2

June, July

Clump.
6 petal, star-shaped flowers in spike

16 x 12
(39 x 30)
Sand.
Full Sun,
Moist

3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm

Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover

Ixia 'Rose Emperor'
- tender
(Wand flower, Corn Lily)

Pink with
Purple centres

ixiacfloroseemperorrvroger2

June, July

Clump.
6 petal, star-shaped flowers in spike

16 x 12
(39 x 30)
Sand.
Full Sun,
Moist

3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm

centaurea montana foliage

Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover

Ixia 'Titia' - tender
(Wand flower, Corn Lily)

Magenta

ixiacflotitiarvroger1a

June, July

Clump.
6 petal, star-shaped flowers in spike

16 x 12
(39 x 30)
Sand.
Full Sun,
Moist

3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm

ixiacfoltitiarvroger1a

Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover

Ixia 'Venus' - tender
(Wand flower, Corn Lily)

Dark Red

ixiacflovenusrvroger1

June, July

Clump.
6 petal, star-shaped flowers in spike

16 x 12
(39 x 30)
Sand.
Full Sun,
Moist

3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm

Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover

Ixia 'Vulcan' - tender
(Wand flower, Corn Lily)

Pink and Purple

ixiacflovulcanrvroger2

June, July

Clump.
6 petal, star-shaped flowers in spike

16 x 12
(39 x 30)
Sand.
Full Sun,
Moist

3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm

ixiacfolvulcanrvroger1a

Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover

Ixia 'Yellow Emperor'
- tender
(Wand flower, Corn Lily)

Yellow with
Purple centre

ixiacfloyellowemperorrvroger1a

June, July

Clump.
6 petal, star-shaped flowers in spike

16 x 12
(39 x 30)
Sand.
Full Sun,
Moist

3-5 erect, narrow, sword-shaped, dark green leaves per corm

ixiacfolyellowemperorrvroger1a

Grow in greenhouse, cool conserv-atory, patio pot, raised rock garden by south facing wall, window-box. Ground cover

Lachenalia aloides -
tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Green, Crimson and
Yellow tips

lachenaliacfloaloidesrvroger

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike

10 x 12
(25 x 30)

Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

2 broad-to-lanceolate leaves which are dark green with purple markings

lachenaliacfolaloidesrvroger1

Edging in frost-free gardens.
Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room.
Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Use either John Innes compost or a mixture of 2 parts sandy loam, 0.5 part leaf-mould and 0.5 part decayed manure, with 1 part coarse sand in pots or hanging baskets. Will not tolerate frost so grow in Greenhouse or as houseplant in a sunny but unheated room. They can be grown as bed edging in only Southern England, Isle of Wight and Channel Islands within the UK.

Lachenalia aloides
aurea -tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Yellow

lachenaliacfloaloidesaurearvroger

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike

10 x 12
(25 x 30)

Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

2 broad-to-lanceolate leaves which are dark green with purple markings

lachenaliacforaloidesaurearvroger

Edging in frost-free gardens.
Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room.
Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Lachenalia aloides
quadricolor - tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Red, Yellow, Green
and Purple

lachenaliacfloaloidesquadricolorrvroger

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike

8-12 x 12
(20-30 x 30)

Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

2 broad-to-lanceolate leaves which are dark green with purple markings

lachenaliacfolaloidesquadricolorrvroger1

Edging in frost-free gardens.
Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room.
Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Lachenalia aloides
pearsonii - tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Bright Orange edged
with Claret

lachenaliacfloaloidespearsoniirvroger

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike

12-16 x 12 (30-40 x 30)

Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Mid-Green foliage and flower stems with brown markings

lachenaliacfolaloidespearsoniirvroger1

Edging in frost-free gardens.
Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room.
Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Lachenalia aloides
vanzyliae - tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Greenish-White

lachenaliacfloaloidesvanzyliaervroger1

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike

4-8 x 12
(10-20 x 30)

Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

2 broad-to-lanceolate leaves which are dark green with purple markings

lachenaliacfolaloidesvanzyliaervroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens.
Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room.
Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Very robust

Lachenalia bulbifera
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Coral-Red edged with Green or Purple

lachenaliacflobulbiferarvroger1

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike

6-15 x 12
(15-30 x 30)

Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

2 broad-to-lanceolate leaves which are dark green with purple spots

lachenaliacfolbulbiferarvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens.
Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room.
Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.
Useful as cut flower.
Recommended.

The process below provides a uniform method for
comparing every plant detailed in the following galleries with
the ones already compared in the relevant plant gallery
from the last list of plant galleries in this cell:-

These are the galleries that will provide the plants to be added to their own Extra Index Pages

Bee plants for hay-fever sufferers - Bee-Pollinated Index is in the column on the left
Plants that grow in Chalk - A,
Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers - A,
Bulbs from the Infill Galleries see Hardy Bulbs, Half-hardy Bulbs, etc in the second row of Topic Table, usually positioned as the first table on the left.
The complete Camera Photo is displayed on the screen
Climber in 3 Sector Vertical Plant System
Plants with Sense of Fragrance

The following Extra Index of Bulbs is created in the
Bulb Plant Gallery, to which the Bulb found in the above list will have that row copied to.
The Header Row for the Extra Indices pages is the same as used in the 1000 Ground Cover A of Plants Topic:-
A 1, 2, 3, B,
C 1, 2, D, E,
F, G, H, I, J,
K, L 1, 2, M, N, O,
P, Q, R, S, T,
U, V, W, XYZ

Having transferred the Extra Index row entry to the relevant Extra Index row for the same type of plant in a gallery below; then
its flower or foliage thumbnail will be compared per month in that relevant gallery:-

Aquatic
Bamboo
Bedding
Bulb
Conifer - Conifers have no flowers and are used for their foliage and cones
Deciduous Shrub
Deciduous Tree
Evergreen Perennial
Evergreen Shrub
Evergreen Tree
Fern - Ferns have no flowers and are used for their foliage
Grass - Grass is used for its grass inflorescence and foliage
Hedging
Herbaceous Perennial
Herb
Odds and Sods
Rhododendron, Azalea and Camellia
Soft Fruit
Top Fruit
Vegetable
Wild Flower

Index of Bulbs from
P Infill2 Plants Index Gallery

Further details on bulbs from the Infill Galleries:-
Hardy Bulbs
...Aconitum
...Allium
...Alstroemeria
...Anemone
...Amaryllis
...Anthericum
...Antholyzas
...Apios
...Arisaema
...Arum
...Asphodeline
...Asphodelus
...Belamcanda
...Bloomeria
...Brodiaea
...Bulbocodium
...Calochorti
...Cyclobothrias
...Camassia
...Colchicum
...Convallaria  ...Forcing Lily of the Valley
...Corydalis
...Crinum
...Crosmia
...Montbretia
...Crocus
...Cyclamen
...Dicentra
...Dierama
...Eranthis
...Eremurus
...Erythrnium
...Eucomis
...Fritillaria
...Funkia
...Galanthus
...Galtonia
...Gladiolus
...Hemerocallis
...Hyacinth
...Hyacinths in Pots
...Scilla
...Puschkinia
...Chionodoxa
...Chionoscilla
...Muscari
...Iris
...Kniphofia
...Lapeyrousia
...Leucojum
...Lilium
...Lilium in Pots
...Malvastrum
...Merendera
...Milla
...Narcissus
...Narcissi in Pots
...Ornithogalum
...Oxalis
...Paeonia
...Ranunculus
...Romulea
...Sanguinaria
...Sternbergia
...Schizostylis
...Tecophilaea
...Trillium
...Tulip
...Zephyranthus
Half-Hardy Bulbs
...Acidanthera
...Albuca
...Alstroemeri
...Andro-stephium
...Bassers
...Boussing-aultias
...Bravoas
...Cypellas
...Dahlias
...Galaxis,
...Geissorhizas
...Hesperanthas
...Gladioli
...Ixias
...Sparaxises
...Babianas
...Morphixias
...Tritonias
...Ixiolirions
...Moraeas
...Ornithogalums
...Oxalises
...Phaedra-nassas
...Pancratiums
...Tigridias
...Zephyranthes
...Cooperias

---------

Bulb Use pages from
P Infill2 Index Gallery

Uses of Bulbs:-
...for Bedding
...in Windowboxes
...in Border
...naturalized in Grass
...in Bulb Frame
...in Woodland Garden
...in Rock Garden
...in Bowls
...in Alpine House
...Bulbs in Green-house or Stove:-
...Achimenes
...Alocasias
...Amorpho-phalluses
...Arisaemas
...Arums
...Begonias
...Bomareas
...Caladiums
...Clivias
...Colocasias
...Crinums
...Cyclamens
...Cyrtanthuses
...Eucharises
...Urceocharis
...Eurycles
...Freesias
...Gloxinias
...Haemanthus
...Hippeastrums
...Lachenalias
...Nerines
...Lycorises
...Pencratiums
...Hymenocallises
...Richardias
...Sprekelias
...Tuberoses
...Vallotas
...Watsonias
...Zephyranthes
...Plant Bedding in
......Spring
......Summer
...Bulb houseplants flowering during:-
......January
......February
......March
......April
......May
......June
......July
......August
......September
......October
......November
......December
...Bulbs and other types of plant flowering during:-
......Dec-Jan
......Feb-Mar
......Apr-May
......Jun-Aug
......Sep-Oct
......Nov-Dec
...Selection of the smaller and choicer plants for the Smallest of Gardens with plant flowering during the same 6 periods as in the previous selection

Fragrant Plants as a Plant Selection Process for your sense of smell from
P Garden Style Index Gallery :-

Bulbs and Corms with
Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Index of Bulbs from
Plants Extra Gallery
Bulb
Photos - Bulb

Website Structure Explanation and
User Guidelines

There are other pages on Plants which bloom in each month of the year in this website :-

12 Bloom Colours per Month Index
Plants Blue, Orange, Red, Yellow, White, Other Colours which lead on to other pages
Colour Wheel - All Flowers per Month 12
Bedding
Bulb
Climber
Deciduous Shrub
Deciduous Tree
Evergreen Perennial
Evergreen Shrub
Evergreen Tree
Herbaceous Perennial
Rhododendron
Rose
Wild Flower
Plants for Cut Flowers in
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Climber 3 sector Vertical Plant System with flowers in
Jan,
Feb,
Mar,
Apr,
May 1, 2
Jun,
Jul,
Aug,
Sep,
Oct,
Nov,
Dec

Indoor Bulbs for
December
January
February
Indoor Bulbs for
March
April
May
Indoor
Bulbs for
June
July
August
Indoor Bulbs for
September
October
November
Plant Bloom
Dec-Jan
Feb-Mar
Plant Bloom
Apr-May
Jun-Aug
Plant Bloom
Sep-Oct
Nov-Dec

Lachenalia contaminata
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

White with Maroon tips and stripes

lachenaliacflocontaminatarvroger2

April, May

3 petal,
bell-shaped flowers in a spike

6 x 12
(15 x 30)

Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Grass-like in appearance and plain Green

lachenaliacfolcontaminatarvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens.
Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room.
Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Lachenalia elegans var. suaveolens
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Blue shading to Rose
and White

lachenaliacfloelegansrvroger1

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike

7-9 x 12 (17.5-22.5 x 30)

Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Mid-Green

lachenaliacfolelegansrvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens.
Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room.
Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions on sandy moist slopes.
Excellent performer in pots.

Lachenalia 'Fransie'
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Pink shading to Yellow with Maroon tips

lachenaliacflofransiervroger1

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike

12 x 12
(30 x 30)

Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Mid-Green foliage with mid-Green stems spotted Purple

lachenaliacfolfransiervroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens.
Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room.
Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Lachenalia glaucina var. pallida
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Cream with a Yellow or Pale Green Hue

lachenaliacfloglaucinavarpallidarvroger1

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike

8 x 12
(20 x 30)

Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Dark Green foliage slightly mottled Purple with pale Green flower stems

lachenaliacfolglaucinavarpallidarvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens.
Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room.
Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Lachenalia juncifolia
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

White tinged Red

lachenaliacflojuncifoliarvroger1a2

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike

6 x 12
(15 x 30)

Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Mid-Green foliage with mid-Green stems

lachenaliacfoljuncifoliarvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens.
Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room.
Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.
A dwarf species that multiplies rapidly.

Lachenalia 'Namakwa'
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Orange fading to Yellow, with Pink tips

lachenaliacflonamakwarvroger1

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike

12 x 12
(30 x 30)

Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Mid-Green foliage with Orange flower stems

lachenaliacfolnamakwarvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens.
Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room.
Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Lachenalia namaquensis
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Blue shading to Magenta, White internally

lachenaliacflonamaquensisrvroger1a

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike. Very-free flowering

6-8 x 12
(15-20 x 30)

Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Mid-Green foliage

lachenaliacfolnamaquensisrvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens.
Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room.
Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Spreads rapidly by means of long stoloniferous roots. Use either John Innes compost or a mixture of 2 parts sandy loam, 0.5 part leaf-mould and 0.5 part decayed manure, with 1 part coarse sand in pots or hanging baskets. Will not tolerate frost so grow in Greenhouse or as houseplant in a sunny but unheated room. They can be grown as bed edging in only Southern England within the UK.

Lachenalia 'Nova'
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Bluish-Green

lachenaliacflonovarvroger1

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike

8 x 12
(20 x 30)

Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Mid-Green foliage with Purple flower stems

lachenaliacfolnovarvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens.
Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room.
Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Lachenalia orthopetala
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

White

lachenaliacfloorthopetalarvroger1

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike

10 x 12
(25 x 30)

Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Mid-Green grassy foliage with Purple flower stems

lachenaliacfolorthopetalarvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens.
Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room.
Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Lachenalia pustulata
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Cream or Pale Yellow, to Pink or Blue

lachenaliacflopustulatarvroger1

March

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike.
Scented

12 x 12
(30 x 30)

Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Mid-Green foliage with Purple flower stems

lachenaliacfolpustulatarvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens.
Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room.
Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.
Fragrant

Lachenalia 'Robyn'
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Red

lachenaliacflorobynrvroger1

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped large flowers in a spike

12 x 12
(30 x 30)

Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Mid-Green foliage with Purple flower stems

lachenaliacfolrobynrvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens.
Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room.
Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Lachenalia 'Rolina'
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Creamy-Yellow

lachenaliacflorolinarvroger1

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped large flowers in a spike

12 x 12
(30 x 30)
Sand or potting compost, Full Sun, Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Mid-Green with Purple flower stems

lachenaliacfolrolinarvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens. Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room. Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Lachenalia 'Romaud'
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Buttercup-Yellow with Creamy-White tips

lachenaliacfloromaudrvroger1b

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped large flowers in a spike

12 x 12
(30 x 30)
Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Mid-Green with Purple flower stems

lachenaliacfolromaudrvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens. Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room. Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Lachenalia 'Romelia'
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Light Yellow

lachenaliacfloromeliarvroger1

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped large flowers in a spike

12 x 12
(30 x 30)
Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Mid-Green with Purple flower stems

lachenaliacfolromeliarvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens. Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room. Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Lachenalia 'Ronina'
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Yellow

lachenaliacfloroninarvroger1

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike

12 x 12
(30 x 30)
Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Mid-Green with Purple flower stems

lachenaliacfolroninarvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens. Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room. Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Lachenalia 'Rosabeth'
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Red outer petals, inside is Yellow

lachenaliacflorosabethrvroger1

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike

12 x 12
(30 x 30)
Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Mid-Green with Purple spots

lachenaliacfolrosabethrvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens. Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room. Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Lachenalia rosea
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Blue through to Pink

lachenaliacflorosearvroger1

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike

10 x 12
(25 x 30)
Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Mid-Green

lachenaliacfolrosearvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens. Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room. Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Lachenalia 'Rupert'
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Lilac-Purple

lachenaliacflorupertrvroger1

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped large flowers in a spike

12 x 12
(30 x 30)
Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Mid-Green

lachenaliacfolrupertrvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens. Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room. Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Lachenalia splendida
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Blue shaded Lilac

lachenaliacflosplendidarvroger1a2

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike

10 x 12
(25 x 30)
Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Light Green

lachenaliacfolsplendidarvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens. Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room. Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Lachenalia unifolia
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

White with Blue shading

lachenaliacflounifoliarvroger1

May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike

10-12 x 12 (20-30 x 30)
Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Light Green

lachenaliacfolunifoliarvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens. Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room. Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Lachenalia viridiflora
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

Blue-Green to Turquoise

lachenaliacfloviridiflorarvroger1

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike

8 x 12
(20 x 30)
Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Mid-Green

lachenaliacfolviridiflorarvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens. Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room. Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Lachenalia zeyheri
- tender
(Wild Hyacinth, Cape Cowslip, Leopard Lily)

White,

lachenaliacflozeyherirvroger1

March, April, May

3 petal,
urn-shaped flowers in a spike

4-8 x 12
(10-20 x 30)
Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist - during growing period, Sep-Jun, dry in resting period, Jun-Sep.

Mid-Green

lachenaliacfolzeyherirvroger1a

Edging in frost-free gardens. Houseplant in Patio Pot within a sunny but unheated room. Patio Pot or
Hanging Basket in cool Greenhouse.
Enjoys Coastal conditions.

Step 4

Soil contains living material that requires the right structure and organic material to provide food for plants.

If the structure of the soil tends towards a loam of about 20-50% sand, silt and 20 - 40% clay with a pH between 6 and 7.5, then this suitable for a high proportion of plants.

Otherwise an application of a mulch of sand and horticultural grit for clay, or clay and horticultural grit for sand, is required to improve plant growth.

If an annual mulch of organic material (Spent Mushroom Compost, Cow Manure, Horse Manure does contain weed seeds and should only be used under hedges or ground-covering trees/shrubs) is applied of 100mm (4”) thickness to the soil, then the living material in the soil can continue their role of feeding the plants. This mulch will stop the ground drying out due to wind or sun having direct access to the ground surface. The annual loss of organic matter from soils in cool humid climates is about 6lbs per square metre.

If there is also a drip-feed irrigation system under the mulch (which is used for 4 continuous hours a week - when there is no rain that week from April to September), then the living material can get their food delivered in solution or suspension.

If the prunings from your garden are shredded (or reduced to 4” lengths) and then applied as a mulch to your flower beds or hedges, followed by 0.5” depth of grass mowings on top; this will also provide a start for improvement of your soil. The 0.5" layer can be applied again after a fortnight; when the aerobic composting stage (the aerobic composting creates heat and 0.5" - 1 cm - thickness does not become too hot to harm the plants next to it) has been completed during the summer. Anaerobic (without using air) composting then completes the process.

Application of Seaweed Meal for Trace Elements and other chemicals required to replenish what has been used by the plants in the previous year for application in Spring are detailed in the How are Chemicals stored and released from Soil? page.

You normally eat and drink at least 3 times every day to keep you growing, healthy and active; plants also require to eat and drink every day. Above 5 degrees Celcius plants tend to grow above ground and below 5 degrees Celcius they tend to grow their roots underground.

2 minor points to remember with their result-

the oxygen you breathe to keep you alive has mostly been produced by plants. A 25 feet x 25 feet lawn can produce enough oxygen for you to keep breathing each year.
A car driven 60 miles will consume the same amount of oxygene that a mature beech tree produces in 1 year.
Result is that the Carbon Dioxide produced by machines and people/animals breathing is exceeding what plants can do to transform Carbon Dioxide back into air, especially since more of the ground area used for vegetation is being changed to one which is not.
Increasing Carbon Dioxide increases the heat in the atmosphere and gives what we call Climate Change - In the early Pliocene, global temperatures were 1–2˚C warmer than the present temperature, yet sea level was 15–25 meters (50 - 75 feet) higher than today. The increase in temperature will raise sea level to drown many acres of coastal areas around the world because we as a human race are so stupid; within this century.

Leucocoryne 'Andes'
(Glory of the Sun)

Mauve with Purple
centre

leucocorynecfloandesrvroger2

May, June

6 petal, umbel-shaped flower in an umbellate. Sweetly scented.

10-14 x 4 (25-35 x 10)

Well-drained Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist during growth in winter and spring of foliage, dry after flowering during rest period.

Grass-like green foliage varies in length from 6-12 inches. Often they are just maturing or even have died down by going yellow by the time the first flowers are seen.

A small genus of only 12 species from the winter rainfall regions of South America. These make excellent pot plants in a frost-free greenhouse or unheated room in the house, and
long lasting, scented cut flower.

Plant in the sloping ground next to a South-facing wall in the Channel Islands or in pots in cold frame or greenhouse for the remainder of the UK.

The bulbs will not tolerate frost.

This plant is resistant to deer!

Leucocoryne 'Caravelle'
(Glory of the Sun)

Mauve with Plum
centre

leucocorynecflocaravellervroger2

April

6 petal, umbel-shaped flower in an umbellate. Sweetly scented.

12-16 x 4 (30-40 x 10)

Well-drained Sand or potting compost,
Full Sun,
Moist during growth in winter and spring of foliage, dry after flowering during rest period.

Grass-like green foliage varies in length from 6-12 inches. Often they are just maturing or even have died down by going yellow by the time the first flowers are seen.

Plant in the sloping ground next to a South-facing wall in the Channel Islands or in pots in cold frame or greenhouse for the remainder of the UK.

The bulbs will not tolerate frost.

This plant is resistant to deer!

Massonia echinata
(Hedgehog Lily)

White fading to Pink

massoniacflo1echinatarvroger1

February

Tubular flower
with honey scent

2 x 10
(5 x 25)

Well-drained sand or potting mix,
Full Sun,
Moist when in growing season, dry after flowering

2 wide green leaves about 5 inches long, which lie flat on the ground.

massoniacfolechinatarvroger1a

Makes an attractive and unusual late winter flowering pot. Full Sun in a Conservatory in the UK, where temperatures do not fall below 45 degrees Fahrenheit (7 degess Centigrade) in pot or hanging basket

In well-drained soil (sand) in rock garden within Channel Islands where temperature exceeds 7C, otherwise grow in mixture of 2 parts topsoil, 3 parts peat moss and 7 parts sharp builder's sand in wide pots. Place shards of broken clay pots in the bottom to ensure good drainage.

Mela-sphaerula ramosa
(Mela-sphaerula graminea)

Zones 8-10 of Hardiness Zone Map developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Pale Yellow

melasphaerulacfloramosarvroger1

April, May, June

Tall dainty Gypsophila-like stems are covered with 6 narrow finely pointed petals in small starry flowers within a spray.
A slight scent.

12 x 3-6
(30 x 7.5-15)

Well-drained sand or potting mix,

Part Shade in a Conservatory in the UK, where temperatures do not fall below 45 degrees Fahrenheit.

Moist in growth, dry in dormancy

Long, narrow, light green leaves up to !0 inches (25 cms) in length.

Suits pot cultivation in UK Conservatory. Lasts very well as cut flower.

The bulbs will not tolerate frost.

Moisture is necessary at the time of planting in late July-September, but keep barely moist until the foliage is observed. Then, additional amounts of water should be given, but never allow the bulbs to sit in cold, wet soil. Should be a complete resting period in the summer with dry conditions.

Plant 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep and 3-6 inches (7.5-15 cms) apart in the ground next to a South-facing wall in the Channel Islands or 5 bulbs per 10 inch (25 cms) pot and 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep.

Soil - In well-drained frost-free soil (sand) perhaps in Channel Islands, otherwise grow in mixture of 2 parts topsoil, 3 parts peat moss and 7 parts sharp builder's sand in wide pots. Place shards of broken clay pots in the bottom to ensure good drainage.

Grows in sheltered damp places among rocks in southern Africa.

Oxalis hirta
'Gothenburg' - tender

Magenta-Pink with
Yellow throat

oxaliscflohirtagothenburgrvroger1

September

8 x 4
(20 x 10)

Light green clover-like foliage, often twisting and closing at night or on very hot days. The foliage is not present during the late autumn and winter, when the plant is dormant.

An outstanding selection with magenta-pink funnel-shaped flowers with yellow throats held above light green clover-like foliage in early autumn. Frost tender, so one for the greenhouse.

This is good for hanging baskets. Plant 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep and 3-4 inches (7.5-10 cms) apart.

Oxalis purpurea
- tender

Reddish-Purple with
Yellow tube

oxaliscflopurpurearvroger1

September, October,
November, December,
January

0.5-2 x 4 (1.25-5 x 10)

Light green clover-like foliage, often twisting and closing at night or on very hot days. The foliage is not present during the late autumn and winter, when the plant is dormant.

This is good for hanging baskets. Plant 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep and 3-4 inches (7.5-10 cms) apart.

Oxalis is an enormous family of plants from all over the globe. These in this Gallery are a selection of winter-growing varieties. All are easy to grow and very rewarding with very long flowering times. There are approximately 1919 species.

Oxalis lobata

Yellow

oxaliscflolobatarvroger

May, June, July

4 x 4
(10 x 10)

Small tufts of light green clover-like leaves appear in spring and then die down for several months, before re-appearing in early autumn at the same time as the bright yellow funnel-shaped flowers. Foliage is absent in the winter. Mat-forming habit. Deep mulch after autumn foliage has died down to prevent the bulb being frozen.

This is good for hanging baskets. Plant 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep and 3-4 inches (7.5-10 cms) apart.

Frost hardy, this will withstand temperatures down to -5c.

Oxalis obtusa

Telos Rare Bulbs in USA have other Oxalis varieties for sale from
Oxalis A-F,
Oxalis G-O and
Oxalis P-Z pages.

Pink with a Yellow centre

oxaliscfloobtusarvroger1

May, June, July

10 x 10
(25 x 25)

Light green clover-like foliage with a silver gloss, often twisting and closing at night or on very hot days. The foliage is not present during the late autumn and winter, when the plant is dormant.

This is a variable winter-growing oxalis from South Africa which produces delicate flowers in a range of pinks and apricots which last for ages. Do not feed to keep the leaves contained.

This is suitable between paving, massed at the front of a low border or in a wall and rock garden, also suitable for window-boxes. Plant 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep and 3-4 inches (7.5-10 cms) apart.

Oxalis are wonderful "collector's items" -- you know you have been bitten by the bug when, upon seeing their dazzling jewel-like flowers and different leaf forms, you experience an irrepressible urge to possess more! The South African species are largely winter-growers, brightening the dreary months with their exuberant flowers, then go dormant in summer. They are best appreciated as container plants, and need sun to open their flowers.

Polyxena odorata
- tender

White

polyxenacfloodoratarvroger

October, November

5 x 2
(12.5 x 5)

Light Green, erect, 0.25 inches wide and 4-5 inches high, foliage

Polyxena is a small family of very dwarf bulbs suited to pot culture in a frost-free situation. Can start to flower in the autumn soon after potting. Very uncommon and well worth growing.

This is suitable for hanging baskets in the summer and in coldframes for the rest of the year. Plant 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep and 2-3 inches (5-7.5 cms) apart. Can be grown outside in the Channel Islands in sandy soil. Moisture is needed in early spring, with little or none needed after the foliage dies back in late autumn.

Small, white flowers are held between the leaves with flower fragrance much like that of a hyacinth. The native habitat in Cape Province of South Africa is open, sparse grassland near the coast.

Polyxena paucifolia
- tender

Deep Lilac

polyxenacflopaucifoliarvroger

October, November

2-3 x 12 (5-7.5 x 30)

Light Green, erect, 1 inch wide and 4-6 inches in length, foliage

This bulb has clusters of starry-like deep lilac flowers produced at the base of the strappy green foliage.

Sparaxis grandiflora acutiloba - tender

Sparaxis is derived from the Greek "sparasso" ("to tear"), which refers to the lacerated spathes that surround the flowers

Golden-Yellow

sparaxiscflograndifloraacutilobarvroger

April, May

4-10 x 12 (10-25 x 30)

Flat, stiff and rather tough dark Green leaves 8 inches long are held in a fan shape at the base of the flowering spike.

This is suitable for hanging baskets in the summer and in coldframes for the rest of the year where they can be protected from the frost below 25 degrees Fahrenheit. Plants will withstand a few degrees of frost, but not prolonged cold temperatures. Plant 2 inches (5 cms) deep and 3-4 inches (7.5-10 cms) apart. Can be grown outside in the Channel Islands in sandy soil in bold groups of 25 or more in one place. Moisture is needed in early spring, with none needed after the foliage dies back in late autumn, so that the corms ripen. Great cut flowers, as they are long-lasting.

Sparaxis, native to South Africa, has been in cultivation for over 200 years, due to its ease and free flowering form. As part of the Iris family, brightly coloured flowers are borne above the strappy foliage. Colours range from hot oranges, yellows and pinks to reds and dark purple. Well worth a pot display in fertile gritty loam under frost free conditions.

The plants prefer to be on the dry side in the summer as in their native habitats of South Africa, where they receive their rainfall in the winter.

Sparaxis meteler-kampiae
- tender

Deep Violet with
White markings

sparaxiscflometelerkampiaervroger

April, May

6-12 x 12 (15-30 x 30)

Flat, stiff and rather tough dark Green leaves 8 inches long are held in a fan shape at the base of the flowering spike.

Sparaxis parviflora
- tender

Yellow and Cream with Purple flush

sparaxiscfloparviflorarvroger

April, May, June

6-12 x 12 (15-30 x 30)

Flat, stiff and rather tough dark Green leaves 8 inches long are held in a fan shape at the base of the flowering spike.

Functional combinations in the border from the International Flower Bulb Centre in Holland:-

"Here is a list of the perennials shown by research to be the best plants to accompany various flower bulbs. The flower bulbs were tested over a period of years in several perennial borders that had been established for at least three years.

In combination with hyacinths:

Alchemilla plants or seeds with book and Plant Crib
Campanula lactiflora seeds
Campanula poscharskyana
Geranium (diverse soorten en cultivars zoals psilostemon, sanguineum) plants or seeds
Hosta plants or seeds
Nepeta faassenii plants or seeds
Ophiopogon plants or seeds
Salvia nemorosa plants or seeds
Solidago plants or seeds (not to be confused with Solidago Riders)
Teucrium plants or seeds

In combination with tulips:

Anemone hybrids
Agastache perennial herbs
Aster hybrid seeds or plants (could make the train to see them using one from Aster Hobbies - Gauge One Live Steam models!)
Astrantia plants or seeds
Centranthus plants or seeds
Dicentra plants or seeds
Geranium (many cultivars such as versicolor, macrorrhizum, psilostemon, ‘Philippe Vapelle’) plants or seeds
Helianthus ‘Lemon Queen’
Helleborus plants or seeds
Hemerocallis plants or seeds with British Hosta and Hemerocallis Society
Heuchera plants or seeds
Kalimeris plants or seeds
Lavandula - as seeds for shrubs, as hedges
Monarda plants or seeds
Origanum hybrid plants or seeds
Sidalcea hybrid plants or seeds
Stachys grandiflora ‘Superba’
Thalictrum plant or seed
Veronica longifolia plant or seed
Veronicastrum plants or seeds

In combination with narcissi:

Alchemilla plants or seeds with book and Plant Crib
Astilbe plants or seeds
Brunnera plants or seeds
Carex plants or seeds
Chelone plants or seeds
Darmera plants or seeds
Epimedium plants or seeds
Geranium (many species and cultivars such as magnificum, endressii, macrorrhizum) plants or seeds
Gillenia plants or seeds
Hemerocallis plants or seeds with British Hosta and Hemerocallis Society
Hosta plants or seeds
Kirengeshoma palmata
Lamium plants or seeds
Ligularia dentata
Lysimachia punctata
Lysimachia clethroides
Omphalodes plants or seeds
Pulmonaria plants or seeds
Tellima plants or seeds
Waldsteinia plants or seeds

For narcissi, the choice was difficult to make. The list contains only some of the perennials that are very suitable for combining with narcissi. In other words, narcissi can easily compete with perennials.

In combination with specialty bulbs:

Aquilegia plants or seeds with DVD on 'A Guide to Aquilegias: sowing growing and breeding'
Astilbe plants or seeds
Bergenia plants or seeds
Campanula ‘Birch Hybrid’ plants or seeds
Campanula portenschlagiana plants or seeds
Geranium (diverse soorten en cultivars zoals sanguineum, wlassovianum) plants or seeds
Hemerocallis plants or seeds with British Hosta and Hemerocallis Society
Heuchera plants or seeds
Lamium orvala plants or seeds
Waldsteinia plants or seeds".

Sparaxis tricolor
- tender

Red, Orange, and Yellow to White with Red and Gold or Black throat

sparaxiscflotricolorrvroger

May, June, July

12 x 16
(30 x 40)

Flat, stiff and rather tough dark Green leaves 10 inches long and 0.33 inches wide are held in a fan shape at the base of the flowering spike.

This corm has Six-petalled flowers, which are produced on wiry stems in early to mid-summer in a wide range of colours from red, orange and yellow to white. In addition some have a very striking red and gold or black throat. The foliage is narrow and strap-like, up to 25cm long.

Tritonia crocata - tender

Pale Red

tritoniacflocrocatarvroger

May, June

9 x 16
(22.5 x 40)

The stiff, pointed, sword-shaped leaves are held in a basal fan and are shorter than the flower spike.

Tritonia is a small genus of corms from South Africa. Bright flowers are arranged along wiry stems, borne above the grassy foliage. These make a lovely cut flower. The varieties listed in this Gallery are from winter growing regions and so are best cultivated in pots in a frost free situation.

Pale Red flowers are erect and bowl-shaped, 1.5 inches in diameter

This is suitable for hanging baskets in the summer and in coldframes for the rest of the year where they can be protected from the frost below 25 degrees Fahrenheit. Plants will withstand a few degrees of frost, but not prolonged cold temperatures. Plant 2 inches (5 cms) deep and 4-6 inches (10-15 cms) apart. Can be grown outside in the Channel Islands in sandy soil in bold groups of 25 or more in one place in a rock garden. Moisture is needed in early spring, with none needed after the foliage dies back in late summer, so that the corms ripen. In the wild of Cape Province in South Africa, they are found growing in grassy areas where there is considerable moisture during the growing season, followed by a drier period. Great cut flowers, as they are long-lasting.

Tritonia crocata 'Bridal Veil'
- tender

White

tritoniacflocrocatabridalveilrvroger

May, June

9 x 16
(22.5 x 30)

The stiff, pointed, sword-shaped leaves are held in a basal fan and are shorter than the flower spike.

This corm has "pure white bowl-shaped flowers.

Tritonia crocata 'Pink Sensation' - tender

Pink

tritoniacflocrocatapinksensationrvroger

May, June

10 x 16
(25 x 40)

The stiff, pointed, sword-shaped leaves are held in a basal fan and are shorter than the flower spike.

This corm has very pretty pink flowers.

Tritonia crocata 'Serendipity' - tender

Pale Red

tritoniacflocrocataserendipityrvroger

May, June

10 x 16
(25 x 40)

The stiff, pointed, sword-shaped leaves are held in a basal fan and are shorter than the flower spike.

This corm has pale red flowers.

Tritonia crocata 'Tangerine'
- tender

Orange

tritoniacflocrocatatangerinervroger

May, June

10 x 16
(25 x 40)

The stiff, pointed, sword-shaped leaves are held in a basal fan and are shorter than the flower spike.

This corm has hot orange flowers.

Veltheimia bracteata
- tender

The flower stalk is mottled with Purple and is about 18-20 inches in height. Pale Rose and flecked at the tip with Green

December, January,
February, March

veltheimiacflobracteatarvroger

18 x 30
(45 x 75)

About 10 basal leaves are produced, each up to 18 inches long and 4 inches wide, with undulating margins, forming a rosette. Sometimes flecked with pale green, contrasting well with the shiny deep green.

This bulb is one for a sunny windowsill or warm greenhouse but well worth growing. A rosette of long fleshy leaves are produced, from the middle of which a single tall flower spike grows. Up to 50 pink, tubular flowers can be borne, the insides are often spotted yellow. Need a minimum of 5 degrees Centigrade (41degrees Fahrenheit).

Veltheimia bracteata is a native of western areas of the Cape Province of South Africa. This is suitable as a house pot plant. Make sure the containers are large enough so that they can grow for awhile without being repotted. Plant 1 inch (2.5 cms) deep and 6-10 inches (15-25 cms) apart.

Ivydene Horticultural Services logo with I design, construct and maintain private gardens. I also advise and teach you in your own garden. 01634 389677

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Copied from Rose Index in Rose Use Gallery.

ROSE USE GALLERY PAGES
Rose Use Site Map
of pages with content (o)
Rose Use Introduction
Remainder of Rose Use Gallery Pages in table on left.

ROSE PLANT 2 GALLERY PAGES
FOLIAGE COLOUR
(o)Green 1
(o)Green 2
(o)Green 3

One of the following numbers from 1-39 from the World Federation of Rose Societies classification (WFRS) will be put in the top of each rose text box below its thumbnail for comparison purposes and will link to its Rose Type Shape comparison page

MODERN SHRUB ROSE TYPE SHAPE
(o)1 Recur Large-Flo
(o)2 Recur Cluster-Flo
(o)3 Ground-Cover Recur
(o)4 Hybrid Tea
(o)5 Floribunda
6 Dwarf Cluster-Flo
(o)6a Dwarf Large-Flo
(o)7 Polyantha
(o)8 Miniature and Patio
9 Non-Recur Large-Flo
(o)10 Non-Recur Cluster-Flo
(o)11 Ground-Cover Non-Recur

MODERN CLIMBER ROSE TYPE SHAPE
(o)12 Rambler Recur
(o)13 Large-Flo Recur
(o)14 Cluster-Flo Recur
15 Miniature Recur
(o)16 Rambler Non-Recur
(o)17 Large-Flo Non-Recur
(o)18 Cluster-Flo Non-Recur
19 Miniature Non-Recur
(o)19a-d English Roses - Austin Roses

For further details on the cultivation of roses, consult the The Rose Society UK. The Royal National Rose Society went into administration on 15th May 2017.

---------

ROSE PLANT 2 GALLERY PAGES

OLD GARDEN SHRUB ROSE TYPE SHAPE
(o)20 Alba
(o)21 Bourbon
22 Boursalt
(o)23 China
(o)24 Damask
(o)25 Gallica
26 Hybrid Perpetual
(o)27 Moss
(o)28 Portland
(o)29 Provence
(o)30 Sweet Briar
(o)31 Tea

OLD GARDEN CLIMBER ROSE TYPE SHAPE
32 Rambler Ayrshire
33 Bourbon
34 Boursalt
35 Tea
(o)36 Noisette
(o)37 Sempervirens

WILD ROSE TYPE SHAPE
(o)38 Non-Climbing
(o)39 Climbing

HIP COLOUR
(o)Hip Colour

BED PICTURES
(o)Garden Pictures

Camera Photo Galleries showing all 4000 x 3000 pixels of each photo on your screen that you can then click and drag it to your desktop;
as copied from the Topic Table on the left hand side:-

RHS Garden at Wisley
Plant Supports -
When supporting plants in a bed, it is found that not only do those plants grow upwards, but also they expand their roots and footpad sideways each year. Pages
1, 2, 3, 8, 11,
12, 13,
Plants 4, 7, 10,
Bedding Plants 5,
Plant Supports for Unknown Plants 5,
Clematis Climbers 6,
the RHS does not appear to either follow it's own pruning advice or advice from The Pruning of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers by George E. Brown.
ISBN 0-571-11084-3 with the plants in Pages 1-7 of this folder. You can see from looking at both these resources as to whether the pruning carried out on the remainder of the plants in Pages 7-15 was correct.

Recommended Rose Pruning Methods 13

Nursery of
Peter Beales Roses
Display Garden
Roses Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13

Website Structure Explanation and User Guidelines

Rosa 'Kathleen Harrop' can be grown in children's play areas or by the front door since, like its parent 'Zephirine Drouhin', it is completely thornless - see other Thornless or Nearly Thornless Roses. You can choose one of Rose with 343 Rose Description Pages by clicking on its Name in the Roses in this Gallery Link Index menus on the left for the roses sold by R.V. Roger in 2009 or one of RHS Roses A-F with 82 Rose Description Pages, RHS Roses G-R with 37 Rose Description Pages or RHS Roses S-Z with 12 Rose Description Pages with its Index of Roses in the right hand table of those galleries for the roses in the RHS garden at Wisley in 2013 or one of Rose Use Gallery with 1 Rose Description Page, Other Roses A-F with 1 Rose Description Page, Other Roses G-R with 0 Rose Description Pages and Other Roses S-Z with 12 Rose Description Pages with its Index of Roses in the right hand table of those galleries for the extra roses available from R V Roger Nurseries in late 2014 or one of 147 Roses with only bloom, photo, rose use, rose name, rose class number, height and width in the Index menu on the right in Other Roses A-F, Other Roses G-R and Other Roses S-Z galleries for the extra roses available from R V Roger Nurseries in late 2014 or one of 85 Roses with only bloom photo, rose use, rose name, rose class number, height and width in the Index menu on the right for the remaining roses from RHS garden at Wisley during 2013 in Rose Wisley A-F, Rose Wisley G-R, Rose Wisley S-Z, Rose Use and Rose Bloom and Rose Class Number Comparison galleries with the total for the above of 720 roses its thumbnail from Roses for the following Uses:- BEDDING or Planting in Groups CLIMBER or Pillar Rose CUT-FLOWER EXHIBITION or Speciman Planting Procumbent or Wide-Growing GROUND-COVER GROW IN A CONTAINER (Pot) HEDGE Growing up into Trees (TREE-CLIMBER) or WOODLAND and Covert Planting Page for Edging Borders, Tolerant of Poor Soil, Tolerant of Shade, Back of Border, Adjacent to Water, On North-facing Wall or Page on Arch Rose, Pergola Rose, Wall Rose, Standard Rose, Covering Banks or in Thornless Rose as Comparison Pages in the Rose Use menu above. or by clicking on one of 25 names and there is 2 of the 215 more roses (The Extra Roses from R.V. Roger Rose Link Index menu is in the right hand table on each of their Description Pages) available from R.V. Roger in autumn 2014 also in the list below:-
20 widely available HYBRID TEAs for Border Bedding:-
Hybrid Tea Rose	Flower Colour	Hybrid Tea Rose	Flower Colour
'Alec's Red'		'National Trust'	Rich Crimson Scarlet
'Blessings'		'Olympiad'	Rich, velvety, brilliant Crimson
'Colour Wonder'	November 2009 - May no longer be available	'Pascali'
'Double Delight'		'Paul Shirville'	Salmon-Peach
'Ernest H. Morse'	Bright Red	'Peaudouce' ('Elina')	Creamy-White
'Grandpa Dickson'	Yellow
'Just Joey'		'Piccadilly'	Scarlet suffused, Gold reverse
'Mme Louis Laperriere'		'Royal William'
'Meilland Jubilee'	November 2009 - May no longer be available	'Silver Jubilee'
'Mischief'	Coral Salmon	'Whisky Mac'
and 20 Floribundas for bedding:-
Floribunda Rose	Flower Colour	Floribunda Rose	Flower Colour
'Amber Queen'	Rich Amber-Yellow	'Evelyn Fison'
'Anisley Dickson'	Salmon Pink	'Fragrant Delight'
'Anne Harkness'	Saffron Orange	'Korresia'
'Arthur Bell'		'Lili Marlene'
'Beautiful Britain'	Rich Tomato Red	'Margaret Merrill'
'City of Belfast'	Bright Red	'Matangi'
'City of Leeds'		'Pink Parfait'
'English Miss'		'Sexy Rexy'	Pink to soft Salmon
'Escapade'	Pale Magenta-Lilac	'Southampton'
'Europeana'	Red	'The Times Rose'	Crimson Red

Flower Colour	Other Colours May,Jun, Jul,Aug, Sep,Oct, Nov	Orange May,Jun, Jul,Aug, Sep,Oct, Nov	Pink May,Jun, Jul,Aug, Sep,Oct, Nov	Red May,Jun, Jul,Aug, Sep,Oct, Nov	White May,Jun, Jul,Aug, Sep,Oct, Nov	Yellow May,Jun, Jul,Aug, Sep,Oct, Nov	2 or more Colours Page 1 May,Jun, Jul,Aug, Sep,Oct, Nov	2 or more Colours Page 2	Produces Hips
Rose Use Rose Index of Rose Plant, Rose RHS and Other Rose Galleries	Bedding Page 1 Page 2	Climber /Pillar	Cut-Flower Page 1 Page 2	Exhibition, Speciman	Ground-Cover	Grow In Container Page 1 Page 2	Hedge Page 1 Page 2	Climber in Tree	Woodland
	Edging Borders	Tolerant of Poor Soil Page 1 Page 2		Tolerant of Shade	Back of Border, Roses in Mixed Shrub Beds, Pegging Down Roses		Adjacent to Water, Companion Plants for a) Old Roses, b) Modern Roses		On North-Facing Wall
	Page for rose use as ARCH ROSE, PERGOLA ROSE, COASTAL CONDITIONS ROSE, WALL ROSE, STANDARD ROSE, COVERING BANKS, THORNLESS ROSES, VERY THORNY ROSES, or ROSE ORNAMENTAL FOLIAGE. FRAGRANT ROSES Page 1 and Page 2 - The roses inserted into this page are described as Moderately Fragrant or Very Fragrant in the relevant Rose Plant Description Page. NOT FRAGRANT ROSES - The roses inserted into this page are described as Slightly Fragrant or nothing mentioned about fragrance in the relevant Rose Plant Description Page.
Rose Bloom Shape	High Centred	Cupped	Flat	Globular	Pompon	Rosette	Click on thumbnail to change to Plant Description Page of the Rose Plant named in the text below that photo . The Comments Row of that Rose Plant Description Page details where that Rose Plant is available from. An explanation of Rose Shapes and Types.
Rose Petal Count	Single: 1-7 Petals	Semi-double: 8-15 Petals	Double 1, 2 16-25 Petals	Full: 26-40 Petals	Very Full: 40+ Petals
Rose Plant Height from Text Border (1 inch = 2.5 cms, 12 inches = 1 foot = 30 cms, 24 inches = 2 feet)				Blue = 0-24 inches (0-60 cms) Cyan = 0-24 inches (0-60 cms)		Green=24-72 inches (60-180 cms) Green=24-72 inches (60-180 cms)		Red = 72+ inches (180+ cms) Pink = 72+ inches (180+ cms)
Rose Plant Soil Moisture from Text Background				Wet Soil		Moist Soil		Dry Soil

Roses no longer available which grow in Chalk

Rosa arvensis var.
andersonii,

Ivydene Gardens Garden Construction followed by Plants Suitable for a Chalk Soil: Chalk Plant Index - Roses grow in Chalk
Rosa 'Francois Juranville', Rose Climber	Pink Quart-ered bloom in Cupped page, Flat, Double		Once flowering in Jun-Aug 16 Rosa 'Francois Juranville' Sun, part shade Rose Jun-Aug ground cover, into trees, poor soil, north wall, shade, not fragrant	180 x 120 (450 x 300)	Foliage dark green, burnished bronze	Chalk, Alkaline Soil. Full Sun, Part Shade This Rose Class 16 has the following Species with their cultivars:- Rosa wichuraiana is being directly or indirectly responsible for many modern rose ramblers and climbers. Apart from proneness to mildew, they are easy to grow and prune them immediately after flowering for best results. Multiflora Ramblers were very popular from 1900-1925 and are very floriferous for 4 weeks in early summer. Usually, they are robust, healthy and have few thorns. The Ayrshires (Rosa arvensis) ramblers and scramblers have superb flowers, are very hardy and robust.	Ground cover, Climber in tree. Rambler Roses Slightly fragrant. Once blooming. Ground-cover. Grow into trees. A rose for poorer soils. Can grow on North Wall. Grows in shade.
Rosa 'Fruhlingsgold', Rose	Rich Golden- Yellow paling to primrose. Very fragrant	10 Rosa 'Fruhlin-gsgold' SUN, part shade Rose May-Jun hedge, wood-land, poorer soils, shade, fragrant	May-June	84 x 60 (210 x 150)	Dark Green	Chalk. Full Sun, Tolerant of Part Shade. This Rose Class 10 has the following Species with their cultivars:- Nutkana Roses are easy-going and will do well in almost any garden. Canina Roses as the 'Dog Rose' is a beautiful native hedgerow plant. They are best in a woodland or wild garden setting. Multibracteata Hybrids are shrubs with fern-like leaves from thick arching stems with numerous spiky thorns. Glauca (Rubrifolia) and Villosa Roses are useful for unending supplies of foliage for flower-arranging	Hedge, Woodland, Tolerant of Poor Soil
Rosa 'Fruhlings-morgen', Rose	Cherry- Pink and White with primrose centres Sweetly scented	10 Rosa 'Fruhlin-gsmor-gen' SUN, part shade Rose May-Jun hips, hedge, wood-land, poorer soils, into trees, shade, fragrant	May-Jun followed by hips	72 x 48 (180 x 120)	Dark Green	Chalk. Full Sun, Tolerant of Part Shade. This Rose Class 10 has the following Species with their cultivars:- Nutkana Roses are easy-going and will do well in almost any garden. Canina Roses as the 'Dog Rose' is a beautiful native hedgerow plant. They are best in a woodland or wild garden setting. Multibracteata Hybrids are shrubs with fern-like leaves from thick arching stems with numerous spiky thorns. Glauca (Rubrifolia) and Villosa Roses are useful for unending supplies of foliage for flower-arranging	Hedge, Woodland, Tolerant of Poor soil, grow into trees
Rosa 'Goldilocks', Rose	Creamy- Yellow Strongly fragrant